[97] Elliott Coues, _On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer_. [98] Lummis, _Some Strange Corners of our Country_, Chapter XXII, and _Mesa, Cañon and Pueblo_, Chapter XXIX; Twitchell, _Spanish Archives of New Mexico_, pp. 458-462. [99] The Judge was Hon. Kirby Benedict, in early manhood a personal friend of Abraham Lincoln, who was in 1858 appointed Chief Justice of New Mexico. A second judgment of his given in favor of Ácoma was a case of some celebrity. Several citizens of New Mexico sought to recover a sum of money on account of there having been delivered to the pueblo one hundred and sixty-six years previously the title deeds to its lands in New Mexico, for which these New Mexicans claimed the Indians of Ácoma had agreed to pay. The verdict of the Justice is a delicious piece of irony and satire, qualities for which he was renowned. _Old Santa Fé_, July, 1913, pp. 75-81. [100] MS. as yet unpublished in English, in the Bolton Collection. [101] In _The Indian’s Book_, recorded and edited by Natalie Curtis Burlin. [102] W. H. Ketcham, 1919, Indian agent for the Rio Grande Pueblos. [103] _Op. cit._ [104] _Report_, Department of the Interior, September 30, 1905. [105] Senate Bill 3855—commonly known as the Bursum Indian Land Bill. [106] It is but the obverse of the shield of 1680, when “Otermín called a council of war at which it was decided that it would be better to die fighting than of starvation and hunger.”—Hackett. [107] Fynn, _The American Indian as a Product of Environment_, p. 62. [108] F. J. Turner, _The Frontier in American History_. Elsie Clews Parsons, _Laguna Genealogies_. _Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History_, Vol. VIII, 1923. See Appendix III. [109] Cushing, _Thirteenth Annual Report_, Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 352-358. A “parallel example of the influence of salt sources on the movements of primitive peoples may be found in that all the great historic trade routes across Asia were first established along salt trails of prehistoric times.” [110] Fewkes, _Twenty-eighth Annual Report_, Bureau of American Ethnology, p. 160. [111] The Spanish word “pueblo,” meaning village, was given by the early explorers to any group of habitations, but it has to-day a derived and technical significance, restricted to a communal village, with separated but adjacent apartments in house-blocks, which, while providing privacy, are more easily defended than are isolated houses. [112] Fewkes, _Twenty-eighth Annual Report_, Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 158, 159. [113] Fewkes, _Prehistoric Ruins in Gila Valley_. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, Vol. LII. [114] Leslie Spier, _Anthropological Papers of The American Museum of Natural History_, Vol. XVIII. [115] Fewkes, _Preliminary Report on Navajo National Monument, Arizona_, 1911. [116] Edgar L. Hewett, _Communautés Anciennes dans le Désert Americain_. See Appendix IV.