Metalliferous veins, especially, are usually deeply decomposed along the outcrop by the action of atmospheric agencies. The ore is oxidized, and to a large extent removed by solution, leaving the quartz and other gangue minerals in a porous state, stained by oxides of iron, copper, and other metals, forming the _gossan_ or _blossom-rock_ of the vein. PECULIAR TYPES OF VEINS.—In calcareous or limestone formations, especially, the joint-cracks and bedding-cracks are often widened through the solution of the rock by infiltrating water, and thus become the channels of a more or less extensive subterranean drainage, by which they are more rapidly enlarged to a system of galleries and chambers, and, in some cases, large limestone caverns. The water dripping into the cavern from the overlying limestone is highly charged with carbonate of lime, which is largely deposited on the ceiling and floor of the cavern, forming stalactitic and stalagmitic deposits. These are masses of mineral matter deposited from solution in cavities in the earth’s crust, and are essentially vein-formations. Portions of caverns deserted by the flowing streams by which they were excavated, are often filled up in this way, being converted into irregular veins of calcite. But calcite is not the only mineral found in these cavern deposits, for barite and fluorite, and various lead and zinc ores, especially the sulphides of these metals—galenite and sphalerite—have also been leached out of the surrounding limestone and concentrated in the caverns. The celebrated lead mines of the Mississippi Valley, and some of the richest silver-lead mines of Utah and Nevada are of this character. The forms of these cavern-deposits vary almost indefinitely, and are often highly irregular. The principal types are known as _gash-veins_, _flats_ and _sheets_ (Fig. 17), _chambers_ and _pockets_. Where joints and other cracks have opened slightly in different directions and become filled with infiltrated ores, we have what the German miners call a _stock-work_,—an irregular network of small and interlacing veins. [Illustration: Fig. 17.—Gash-veins and sheets.] An _impregnation_ is an irregular segregation of metalliferous minerals in the mass of some eruptive or crystalline rock. Its outlines are not sharply defined, but it shades off gradually into the enclosing rock. _Fahlbands_ are similar ill-defined deposits or segregations in stratified rocks. An impregnation or vein occurring along the contact between two dissimilar rocks is called a _contact deposit_. These are usually found between formations of different geological ages, and especially between eruptive and sedimentary rocks. Subsequent Structures produced by Subterranean Agencies.