In South America there is yet another and more complex form yet of river
system. The Amazon is connected with the Orinoco by means of the little
cross-river Cassiquiare. By this connection the middle course of both
rivers is made more available to navigation than it would otherwise have
been. Such cross-streams may be found, though on a smaller scale, in
other continents; in Africa, for example, between the Senegal and the Rio
Grande. There a network is made between the parallel rivers, but it is
available for navigation only in the wet seasons. In Central Africa there
seems to be a similar phenomenon between the eastern tributaries of Lake
Tchad and the western tributaries of the Bahr el Abiad or White Nile,
though this rests on the authority of the Arabs. In India there appears
to be a similar connection between the middle course of the Indus and the
Jumna, and so the Ganges, by the mediation of the Sarasvati or Histara
and the Gharghara. There may have been the same in Central China, between
the Hoang-ho and the Kiang, where the Imperial Canal now runs; and a
similar feature may be found in the Lithuanian marshes, connecting the
Vistula and Dnieper river systems, through the mediation of the Bug and
the Przypec. The skill of man has, in many places, accomplished the same
end by the construction of canals.
Although all rivers, in the course of their development, follow the
universal law which leads them from their source, however high, to
the sea, yet there is, even in their descent, scope for exceedingly
varied phenomena. It is not necessary that everywhere a strongly-marked
line of water-shed should exist, but often, as in all the more level
plateaus, there are broad, neutral plains which perform the function of
water-sheds, though possessing no decisive character. It is so through
a great part of Central Asia, in the low plains of Australia, probably
in a large part of Africa, and so markedly in America, that all lines of
water-shed wholly disappear, and the rivers flow confusedly together,
without any system, and in obedience to no law.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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