[5] In exact correspondence with the historic progress of upheaval is the internal and external aspect of the result. In direct connection with the extent, course, grandeur, succession of oceanic and volcanic forces, and in constructing new geological formations, is the inexhaustible variety of structure, in respect to continuity, degrees of fracture, as well as the more or less rich prodigality of mineral treasure brought to light. The later formations—the masses injected to fill up huge chasms opened by volcanic pressure from below—are easily distinguished from the primitive formation. These courses are usually the depositories of minerals, which the great internal heat has apparently sublimated and crystallised, giving us our gold-sand, rock-salt, and the precious metals. [6] See Fr. Hoffman’s Uebersicht der orographischen und geognostischen Verhältnisse des nordwestlichen Deutschland. Introduction. [7] This paper may be found in my earlier translation from Ritter. Geographical Studies, page 177.—ED.