Comparative ReligionCarpenter, J. Estlin (Joseph Estlin)
Religion
Comparative Religion
Carpenter, J. Estlin (Joseph Estlin)
Religions
The conception of the deity of a tribe or nation may be greatly
developed under the influence of victory. War becomes a struggle
between rival gods. Jephthah the Gileadite, after recounting the
triumphs of Israel to the hostile Ammonite king, states the case with
the most naked simplicity: "Yahweh, Israel's god, hath dispossessed the
Amorites from before his people Israel, and shouldest thou possess
them? Wilt thou not possess that which Chemosh thy god giveth thee to
possess? So whomsoever Yahweh our god hath dispossessed from before
us, them will we possess" (Judges xi. 23, 24). The land of Canaan was
the gift of Israel's God, but at first his power was limited by its
boundaries: to be driven from the country was to be {108} alienated
from the right to offer him worship or receive from him protection. In
the famous battle with the Hittites, celebrated by the court-poet of
Rameses the Great (1300-1234 B.C.), the king, endangered by the flight
of his troops, appeals to the great god Amen, a form of the solar deity
Rê, with confidence of help, "Amen shall bring to nought the ignorers
of God": and the answer comes, "I am with thee, I am thy father, my
hand is with thee, I am more excellent for thee than hundreds of
thousands united in one." Success thus enhanced the glory of the
victor's gods. Like the Incas of Peru in later days, the Assyrian
sovereigns confirmed their power by bringing the deities of tributary
peoples in a captive train to their own capital: and the Hebrew prophet
opens his description of the fall of Babylon by depicting the images of
the great gods Bel and Nebo as packed for deportation on the
transport-animals of the conqueror.
Other causes further tended to give distinction to the personality of
deities, and define their spheres. A promiscuous horde of spirits has
no family relationships. A god may have a pedigree; a consort is at
his side; and the mysterious divine power reappears in a son. Instead
of the political analogy of a sovereign and his attendants, the family
conception expresses itself in a divine father, mother and child. Thus
the Ibani of Southern Nigeria recognised Adum as the father of all
{109} gods except Tamuno the creator, espoused to Okoba the principal
goddess, and mother of Eberebo, represented as a boy, to whom children
were dedicated. The Egyptian triad, Osiris, Isis and Horus, is well
known; and the divine mother with the babe upon her lap passed into the
Christian Church in the form of the Virgin Mary and her infant son.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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