The statutes of foreign countries are in general of similar scope, though with variations of extent and phraseology in the several countries. The broadest seems to be that of Siam, above cited, translating common law rights into statutory privilege, though that country also contradictorily limits copyright in books by a manufacturing clause. Spain specifically protects works produced or published by "any kind of impression or reproduction known now or subsequently invented," as elsewhere quoted. France specifically gives an author right to assign his property in whole or in part--a right which is probably included in other countries under the general construction of statutory rights in property. {Sidenote: International provisions} The international copyright convention, as modified at Berlin, does not define the scope of copyright, but insures for authors the enjoyment of such rights as the domestic laws accord to natives; but in its several articles it makes specific provision as to representation, translation, adaptation, mechanical reproduction, etc., as set forth in the chapter on international copyright conventions. Common law, or a crude equivalent for it, as enforced by the courts, seems to extend copyright protection, in the absence of specific legislation, in Montenegro, Egypt and Liberia, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, and Uruguay, as formerly in Argentina. VI SUBJECT-MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: WHAT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED {Sidenote: Subject-matter in general} The subject-matter of copyright should include, in the nature of things, those products of invention, creations of the human brain, which are realized and utilized immaterially through material records, and not, as in the case of patents, materially through the material itself. Copyrightable works, in brief, are those which appeal from the imagination to the imagination, or in which intellectual labor combines immaterial product into new form. What may be copyrighted specifically and practically depends, under present conditions of law, upon the statutory provisions, national or international, of the several nations of the world. {Sidenote: Classification} The new American code gives the following classification of copyrightable works: "(Sec. 5.) That the application for registration shall specify to which of the following classes the work in which copyright is claimed belongs: "(a) Books, including composite and cyclopaedic works, directories, gazetteers, and other compilations; "(b) Periodicals, including newspapers; "(c) Lectures, sermons, addresses, prepared for oral delivery; "(d) Dramatic or dramatico-musical compositions; "(e) Musical compositions; "(f) Maps; "(g) Works of art; models or designs for works of art; "(h) Reproductions of a work of art; "(i) Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character; "(j) Photographs; "(k) Prints and pictorial illustrations: