Coral Reefs; Volcanic Islands; South American Geology — CompleteDarwin, Charles
Science
Coral Reefs; Volcanic Islands; South American Geology — Complete
Darwin, Charles
Beagle Expedition (1831-1836); Coral reefs and islands; Geology -- South America; Islands; Volcanoes
NEW HEBRIDES.—Any chart, on even a small scale, of these islands, will
show that their shores are almost without reefs, presenting a
remarkable contrast with those of New Caledonia on the one hand, and
the Fidji group on the other. Nevertheless, I have been assured by Mr.
G. Bennett, that coral grows vigorously on their shores; as indeed,
will be further shown in some of the following notices. As, therefore,
these islands are not encircled, and as coral grows vigorously on their
shores, we might almost conclude, without further evidence, that they
were fringed, and hence I have applied the red colour with rather
greater freedom than in other instances.—_Matthew’s Rock_, an active
volcano, some way south of the group (of which a plan is given in the
“Atlas of the _Astrolabe’s_ Voyage”) does not appear to have reefs of
any kind about it.—_Annatom_, the southernmost of the Hebrides; from a
rough woodcut given in the _United Service Journal_ (1831, part iii, p.
190), accompanying a paper by Mr. Bennett, it appears that the shore is
fringed; coloured red.—_Tanna._ Forster, in his “Observations” (p. 22),
says Tanna has on its shores coral-rock and madrepores; and the younger
Forster, in his account (vol. ii, p. 269) speaking of the harbour
says, the whole S.E. side consists of coral-reefs, which are overflowed
at high-water; part of the southern shore in Cook’s chart is
represented as fringed; coloured red.—_Immer_ is described (_United
Service Journal,_ 1831, part iii, p. 192) by Mr. Bennett as being of
moderate elevation, with cliffs appearing like sandstone: coral grows
in patches on its shore, but I have not coloured it; and I mention
these facts, because Immer might have been thought from Forster’s
classification (“Observations,” p. 14), to have been a low island or
even an atoll.—_Erromango_ Island; Cook (“Second Voyage,” vol. ii, p.
45, 4to ed.) speaks of rocks everywhere _lining_ the coast, and the
natives offered to haul his boat over the breakers to the sandy beach:
Mr. Bennett, in a letter to the Editor of the _Singapore Chron._,
alludes to the _reefs_ on its shores. It may, I think, be safely
inferred from these passages that the shore is fringed in parts by
coral-reefs; coloured red.—_Sandwich_ Island. The east coast is said
(Cook’s “Second Voyage,” vol. ii, p. 41) to be low, and to be guarded
by a chain of breakers. In the accompanying chart it is seen to be
fringed by a reef; coloured red.—_Mallicollo._ Forster speaks of the
reef-bounded shore: the reef is about thirty yards wide, and so shallow
that a boat cannot pass over it. Forster also (“Observations,” p. 23)
says, that the rocks of the sea-shore consist of madrepore. In the plan
of Sandwich harbour, the headlands are represented as fringed; coloured
red.—_Aurora_ and _Pentecost_ Islands, according to Bougainville,
apparently have no reefs; nor has the large island of _S. Espiritu_,
nor _Bligh_ Island or _Banks’_ Islands, which latter lie to the N.E. of
the Hebrides.
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