The question of campaign publicity involves, of course, the further question as to what organisations and officials shall make reports of contributions and expenditures. In a general way this duty, which originally was laid only upon candidates has been extended sweepingly to party committees and similar bodies. The language of the congressional bill referred to above is extremely broad, but it does not settle all the questions that may arise on this point. Associations may be formed which without nominating candidates of their own or undertaking other definitely partisan activities may nevertheless profoundly affect the outcome of an election. A curious illustration of this point may be found in the Missouri law of 1907,[82] which provided that civic leagues making reports on the fitness of candidates for public office must also publish the basis of their information and file statements of their expenses. It is manifest that leagues of this character, which seldom if ever nominate candidates of their own, may nevertheless come under the control of contributing interests and use their considerable influence to affect elections corruptly. Other illustrations are supplied by large organisations devoted to the propaganda of a given cause. In a tariff campaign, for example, both free trade and protectionist leagues might raise and expend enormous sums in a way that would materially affect the result at the polls. There is at least the possibility of evasion and trouble in this direction, mitigated, however, by the fact that in general the work of propagandist leagues will be educational and free from grosser offences such as bribery of voters. Finally there is the possibility of large direct individual expenditures by warm friends or near relatives in favour of a given candidacy. This was met in the congressional bill by requiring reports of expenditures by persons other than members of campaign committees in excess of $50, not, however, including travelling expenses or postage, telegraph, and telephone charges.[83] Legislation compelling all contributors to make their contributions through campaign committees,[84] or forbidding the direct use of money by individuals may suffice to overcome this difficulty if it should ever become threatening.