It would, however, be an unnecessarily harsh judgment to condemn all actions of the foregoing character as corrupt. If criticism is to be attempted it must be based on a full knowledge of motives in given cases, and these are not always apparent. Then, too, customs have grown up under the influence of which men act without analyzing the real nature of their conduct. Reflection would show, however, that, with the exception of conscious evil intent, the elements of corruption are present not only in the cases cited above, but in many others which are constantly being encountered in the course of the day’s experiences. It is certainly an error to assume that all the grafters are engaged in “big” business or “big” politics. Let us not excuse in the slightest degree the misdeeds of great corporations, but, on the other hand, let us not forget that conduct of a precisely similar ethical colour is sometimes indulged in by labourers, clerks, small retailers, farmers, and others. The fact that corrupt or “near” corrupt practices are more common than people are ordinarily inclined to believe is significant in another way. There is always a direct relationship between the characteristic petty offences of a people and its characteristic major crimes. Thus in a country given over to brawling, crimes of violence will be numerous. Chicane largely prevalent in every day affairs will certainly breed an atmosphere favourable to the perpetration of gigantic frauds. For this reason the minor forms of corruption which occur in the daily life of a people are worthy of much more attention than they ordinarily receive.