[Footnote 58: Cuvier said: "The nervous system is, at bottom, the whole animal; the other systems are there only to serve it." ("Sur un nouveau rapprochement à établir entre les classes qui composent le regne animal," _Arch. du Muséum d'histoire naturelle_, Paris, 1812, pp. 73-84.) Of course, it would be necessary to apply a great many restrictions to this formula--for example, to allow for the cases of degradation and retrogression in which the nervous system passes into the background. And, moreover, with the nervous system must be included the sensorial apparatus on the one hand and the motor on the other, between which it acts as intermediary. Cf. Foster, art. "Physiology," in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, Edinburgh, 1885, p. 17.] [Footnote 59: See, on these different points, the work of Gaudry, _Essai de paléontologie philosophique_, Paris, 1896, pp. 14-16 and 78-79.] [Footnote 60: See, on this subject, Shaler, _The Individual_, New York, 1900, pp. 118-125.] [Footnote 61: This point is disputed by M. René Quinton, who regards the carnivorous and ruminant mammals, as well as certain birds, as subsequent to man (R. Quinton, _L'Eau de mer milieu organique_, Paris, 1904, p. 435). We may say here that our general conclusions, although very different from M. Quinton's, are not irreconcilable with them; for if evolution has really been such as we represent it, the vertebrates must have made an effort to maintain themselves in the most favorable conditions of activity--the very conditions, indeed, which life had chosen in the beginning.] [Footnote 62: M. Paul Lacombe has laid great stress on the important influence that great inventions have exercised on the evolution of humanity (P. Lacombe, _De l'histoire considérée comme science_, Paris, 1894. See, in particular, pp. 168-247).] [Footnote 63: Bouvier, "La Nidification des abeilles à l'air libre" (_C.R. de l'Ac. des sciences_, 7 mai 1906).] [Footnote 64: Plato, _Phaedrus_, 265 E.] [Footnote 65: We shall return to these points in the next chapter.] [Footnote 66: We shall return to this point in chapter iii., p. 259.] [Footnote 67: _Matière et mémoire_, chap. i.] [Footnote 68: See the two works of Darwin, _Climbing Plants_ and _The Fertilization of Orchids by Insects_.] [Footnote 69: Buttel-Reepen, "Die phylogenetische Entstehung des Bienenstaates" (_Biol. Centralblatt_, xxiii. 1903), p. 108 in particular.] [Footnote 70: Fabre, _Souvenirs entomologiques_, 3^e série, Paris, 1890, pp. 1-69.] [Footnote 71: Fabre, _Souvenirs entomologiques_, 1^{re} série, Paris, 3^e édition, Paris, 1894, pp. 93 ff.] [Footnote 72: Fabre, _Nouveaux souvenirs entomologiques_, Paris, 1882, pp. 14 ff.] [Footnote 73: Peckham, _Wasps, Solitary and Social_, Westminster, 1905, pp. 28 ff.]