[Footnote 11: In his fine work on _Genius in Art_ (_Le Génie dans l'art_), M. Séailles develops this twofold thesis, that art is a continuation of nature and that life is creation. We should willingly accept the second formula; but by creation must we understand, as the author does, a _synthesis_ of elements? Where the elements pre-exist, the synthesis that will be made is virtually given, being only one of the possible arrangements. This arrangement a superhuman intellect could have perceived in advance among all the possible ones that surround it. We hold, on the contrary, that in the domain of life the elements have no real and separate existence. They are manifold mental views of an indivisible process. And for that reason there is radical contingency in progress, incommensurability between what goes before and what follows--in short, duration.] [Footnote 12: Bütschli, _Untersuchungen über mikroskopische Schäume und das Protoplasma_, Leipzig, 1892, First Part.] [Footnote 13: Rhumbler, _Versuch einer mechanischen Erklärung der indirekten Zell-und Kernteilung_ (_Roux's Archiv_, 1896).] [Footnote 14: Berthold, _Studien über Protoplasmamechanik_, Leipzig, 1886, p. 102. Cf. the explanation proposed by Le Dantec, _Théorie nouvelle de la vie_, Paris, 1896, p. 60.] [Footnote 15: Cope, _The Primary Factors of Organic Evolution_, Chicago, 1896, pp. 475-484.] [Footnote 16: Maupas, "Etude des infusoires ciliés" (_Arch. de zoologie expérimentale_, 1883, pp. 47, 491, 518, 549, in particular). P. Vignon, _Recherches de cytologie générale sur les épithéliums_, Paris, 1902, p. 655. A profound study of the motions of the Infusoria and a very penetrating criticism of the idea of tropism have been made recently by Jennings (_Contributions to the Study of the Behavior of Lower Organisms_, Washington, 1904). The "type of behavior" of these lower organisms, as Jennings defines it (pp. 237-252), is unquestionably of the psychological order.] [Footnote 17: E.B. Wilson, _The Cell in Development and Inheritance_, New York, 1897, p. 330.] [Footnote 18: Dastre, _La Vie et la mort_, p. 43.] [Footnote 19: Laplace, _Introduction à la théorie analytique des probabilités_ (_OEuvres complètes_, vol. vii., Paris, 1886, p. vi.).] [Footnote 20: Du Bois-Reymond, _Über die Grenzen des Naturerkennens_, Leipzig, 1892.]