[Footnote 38: Fischel, "Über die Regeneration der Linse" (_Anat. Anzeiger_, xiv., 1898, pp. 373-380).] [Footnote 39: Cope, _The Origin of the Fittest_, 1887; _The Primary Factors of Organic Evolution_, 1896.] [Footnote 40: Cuénot, "La Nouvelle Théorie transformiste" (_Revue générale des sciences_, 1894). Cf. Morgan, _Evolution and Adaptation_, London, 1903, p. 357.] [Footnote 41: Brown-Séquard, "Nouvelles recherches sur l'épilepsie due à certaines lésions de la moelle épiniéere et des nerfs rachidiens" (_Arch. de physiologie_, vol. ii., 1866, pp. 211, 422, and 497).] [Footnote 42: Weismann, _Aufsätze über Vererbung_, Jena, 1892, pp. 376-378, and also _Vorträge über Descendenztheorie_, Jena, 1902, vol. ii., p. 76.] [Footnote 43: Brown-Séquard, "Hérédité d'une affection due à une cause accidentelle" (_Arch. de physiologie_, 1892, pp. 686 ff.).] [Footnote 44: Voisin and Peron, "Recherches sur la toxicité urinaire chez les épileptiques" (_Arch. de neurologie_, vol. xxiv., 1892, and xxv., 1893. Cf. the work of Voisin, _L'Épilepsie_, Paris, 1897, pp. 125-133).] [Footnote 45: Charrin, Delamare and Moussu, "Transmission expérimentale aux descendants de lésions développées chez les ascendants" (_C.R. de l'Acad. des sciences_, vol. cxxxv., 1902, p. 191). Cf. Morgan, _Evolution and Adaptation_, p. 257, and Delage, _L'Hérédité_, 2nd edition, p. 388.] [Footnote 46: Charrin and Delamare, "Hérédité cellulaire" (_C.R. de l'Acad. des sciences_, vol. cxxxiii., 1901, pp. 69-71).] [Footnote 47: Charrin, "L'Hérédité pathologique" (_Revue générale des sciences_, 15 janvier 1896).] [Footnote 48: Giard, _Controverses transformistes_, Paris, 1904, p. 147.] [Footnote 49: Some analogous facts, however, have been noted, all in the vegetable world. See Blaringhem, "La Notion d'espèce et la théorie de la mutation" (_Année psychologique_, vol. xii., 1906, pp. 95 ff.), and De Vries, _Species and Varieties_, p. 655.] [Footnote 50: See, on this subject, _Matière et mémoire_, chap. i.] CHAPTER II THE DIVERGENT DIRECTIONS OF THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE. TORPOR, INTELLIGENCE, INSTINCT The evolution movement would be a simple one, and we should soon have been able to determine its direction, if life had described a single course, like that of a solid ball shot from a cannon. But it proceeds rather like a shell, which suddenly bursts into fragments, which fragments, being themselves shells, burst in their turn into fragments destined to burst again, and so on for a time incommensurably long. We perceive only what is nearest to us, namely, the scattered movements of the pulverized explosions. From them we have to go back, stage by stage, to the original movement.