+----------------+------------+------------+ | COLOR OF THE | WHITE | BLACK | | SQUARE | BACKGROUND | | +----------------+------------+------------+ | White | | 39´´ | | Red | 1´ 43´´ | 59´´ | | Light Green | 1´ 54´´ | 1´ 49´´ | | Dirty Red | 3´ 27´´ | 1´ 23´´ | | Blue | 5´ 43´´ | 4´ 17´´ | | Brown | 4´ 55´´ | 1´ 23´´ | | Light Blue | 2´ 17´´ | 1´ 23´´ | | Orange | 1´ 8´´ | 0´ 39´´ | | Gray | 4´ 17´´ | 1´ 23´´ | | Rose | 2´ 18´´ | 3´ 49´´ | | Yellow | 3´ 27´´ | 0´ 39´´ | +----------------+------------+------------+ It is interesting to notice that the angle for blue on a white background is almost nine times that for white, orange, or yellow on a black background. In cases where colors are of importance, therefore, it will be necessary to discover the color and the nature of its background before the accuracy of the witness can be established. 3. It is well known that in the diminution of brightnesses red disappears before blue, and that at night, when all colors have disappeared, the blue of heaven is still visible. So if anybody asserts that he has been able to see the blue of a man’s coat but not his red-brown trousers, his statement is possibly true, while the converse would be untrue. But there are no reliable or consonant accounts of the order in which colors disappear in increasing darkness. The knowledge of this order would help a great deal in the administration of criminal justice. 4. The retina will not see red at the periphery, because there are no red rods there. A stick of red sealing wax drawn across the eye from right to left, appears at the periphery of the visual field to be black. If, then, a witness has not looked right at a definitely red object, and has seen it askance, he has certainly not observed its color. The experiment may be made by anybody. 5. According to Quantz[181] objects in less refractable colors (red, orange, yellow, and purple) look 0.2 to 3.6% bigger against white, while blue, blue-green, and violet objects appear from 0.2 to 2.2% smaller. Dark and long-lined objects seem longer; bright and horizontal seem wider. And these facts are significant when witnesses judge of size. 6. If colors are observed through small openings, especially through very small holes, the nuances become essentially different and green may even seem colorless.