social and economic conditions of different localities, should always be inadequate to social needs--too restricted and slow in action for one part of the country, too sweeping and premature for another part, just as the <p 126>average convict's garb is too long for those who are short, and too short for those who are tall. Administrative federation with political unity (_e pluribus unum_) would furnish us with an aggregate of penal substitutes, restoring to each part of the social organism that freedom of movement and development which is a universal law of biology and sociology--for an organism is but a federation too lightly appreciated by the advocates of an artificial uniformity, such as ends by conflicting with unity itself. III. _In the Scientific Sphere_.--The development of science, which creates fresh instruments of crime, such as fire-arms, the press, photography, lithography, new poisons, dynamite, electricity, hypnotism, and so forth, sooner or later provides the antidote also, which is more efficacious than penal repression.-- The press, anthropometric photography of prisoners, telegraphy, railways, are powerful auxiliaries against crime.--Dissection and the progress of toxicology have decreased the number of poisoning cases; and experience has already proved that ``Marsh's preparation'' has rendered poisoning by arsenic, once so common, comparatively rare.--A similar process has recently been suggested as a means of detection in cases of forgery, for when documents are exposed to iodine vapour, effaced or altered writing is restored.--Women doctors will diminish the opportunities of immorality.--The free expression of opinion will do more to prevent its possible dangers than trials of a more or less scandalous kind.--Piracy, which <p 127>was not extirpated by punishments which are now obsolete, is disappearing under the effects of steam navigation.--The spread of Malthusian ideas prevents abortion and infanticides.[15]--Systematic bookkeeping, by its clearness and simplicity, obviates many frauds and embezzlements, which were encouraged by the old complicated methods.--Cheques, by avoiding the necessity of frequent conveyance of money, do more to prevent theft than punishments can do.--The credentials given by some banks to their clerks, whose duty it is to witness the signature of the actual debtor, prevent the falsification of bills.--Certain bankers have adopted the practice of taking an instantaneous photograph of every one presenting cheques for large amounts.--Safes, bolts, and alarm- bells, are a great security against thieves. <p 128>--As a preventive of murder in railway carriages, it has been found that alarm signals and methods of securing the carriage-doors from the inside, are more effectual than penal codes.