{ { { { a. Thefts of all kinds. { { { { b. Embezzlement, cheating, and other frauds. { { { Much. { c. Crimes against property (coming before the magistrate).[#] { { { { d. Commercial crimes.[#] { { { { { { { e. Blackmail, extortion, and robbery. { { { Moderately. { f. Crimes against the order of the family. { Subject to the { Inversely. { { g. Crimes against persons (coming before the magistrate). { Influence of { { CRIMES. { Economic { { { h. Crimes against the public order. { Occurrences and { { Little. { i. Crimes against the public administration.[#] { varying with Them. { { { j. Forgery and counterfeiting. { { { { { { Crimes over { I. Assault and extortion (with homicide). { { { which the { II. Rebellion, and violence to the public authorities. { { { Influence { { of { { { Alcohol is { III. Homicide of every kind. { { Directly. { Predominant.{ IV. Assaults and intentional injuries. { { { -- Sexual crimes. { { { Hardly { k. Attacks upon the safety of the state. { Outside of the { at All. { l. Perjury, etc. { Influence of { { Economic { { m. Fraudulent bankruptcy. { Occurrences. { Not at All. { n. Insults, and defamation of character. { { { o. Crimes against religion. { { { p. Arson and malicious mischief. According to the author it follows from his investigation, that the economic factors fill a very important place in the etiology of crime, but that all crime is not to be explained by that means. He is of the opinion that if we are to combat crime effectively we must make use of the “penal substitutes” recommended by Professor Ferri. The author treats the influence of economic occurrences upon criminality in Great Britain and Ireland in the same way. Here are his results: