=======+======================+====================== Year. | Total (Hectolitres). | Per Capita (Litres). -------+----------------------+---------------------- 1850 | 585,200 | 1.46 1855 | 714,813 | 2.00 1860 | 851,825 | 2.27 1865 | 873,007 | 2.34 1875 | 1,010,052 | 2.82 1880 | 1,313,849 | 3.64 1885 | 1,444,342 | 3.86 =======+======================+====================== In the third part Lafargue makes special investigations with regard to the correlation between economic conditions and criminality. If the theory of Lombroso were correct, criminality ought to decrease; bad harvests no longer explain the increase, and the climate has not changed. However, the increase of criminality coincided with the enormous increase in the productive forces in France. =======================================+===========+=============+=============+============ | 1840 | 1860 | 1880 | 1884 ---------------------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+------------ Horse-power of steam engines used | | | | in manufacturing and agriculture | 34,350 | 177,652 | 544,152 | 683,090 Consumption of coal (in tons) | 4,256,000 | 14,270,000 | 28,846,000 | 30,941,000 Production of iron (in tons) | 585,000 | 1,430,000 | 2,790,000 | 2,747,000 Production of steel (in tons) | 8,262 | 30,000 | 389,000 | 503,000 Exports and imports (in millions | | | | of francs) | 1,442 | 4,174 | 8,501 | 7,575 Increase of inheritances (in millions | | | | of francs) | 1,608 | 2,724 | 5,265 | 5,244 National wealth (in millions of | | | | francs) | 64,320 | 108,960 | 210,600 | 209,760 =======================================+===========+=============+=============+============ There is a close correspondence, then, between the development of the economic forces and the increase of criminality. Must we regard this as simply chance, or is there causality between the two? Quetelet has already pointed out that the poorest districts, i.e. those in which the absolute wealth is not great, but where the contrasts are not very marked, furnish fewer criminals than the wealthier provinces. According to Lafargue this has become still more striking with the development of capitalism.