I. Thefts with Aggravating Circumstances, tried by the Assizes, and Simple Thefts, tried by the Correctional Tribunals. II. Theft, Fraud, Embezzlement, tried by the Correctional Tribunals. III. Number of Failures and the Price of Flour Combined.] The curves are almost constantly parallel; the deviations are caused by political events and by the industrial revival. [250] Vagrancy and mendicity take the same course as failures; they increase, however, from 1848 to 1852 in consequence of the political troubles of those years. From 1878 on, failures, and vagrancy and mendicity increase and are parallel. In the periods of industrial revival (1854–59 and 1874–76) vagrancy and mendicity decline sharply. In examining the curve of recidivism it must be remembered that since 1884 many recidivists have been transported. [PLATE III. I. Vagrancy and Mendicity. II. Failures. III. Recidivists sentenced by the Assizes or the Correctional Tribunals.] Here we see a result contrary to that on the preceding charts: If the failures increase the rapes generally decrease, and vice versa. According to this plate the consumption of alcohol has no relation to crimes against morals. [PLATE IV. I. Rape. II. Consumption of Alcohol. III. Failures.] At the end of his study the author comes to the following conclusion: “The effect of bankruptcy upon criminality and politics is undeniable; it furnishes one of the most striking proofs of the correctness of the historical theory of Karl Marx, that the phenomena of literature and art, of morality and religion, of philosophy and politics, in human society, lead back to the phenomena of economic development.” [251] VI. H. DENIS. Professor Denis begins his report to the 3d Congress of Criminal Anthropology, entitled “La criminalité et la crise économique”, by calling attention to the effect that the crisis of 1846–47 had upon criminality. The crops of wheat, rye, and especially potatoes had been bad, and the price of these articles of food had accordingly risen. The breaking up of household labor and the introduction of machines brought about a revolution in the linen industry at the same time. So the figures for crime indicate an enormous increase during these years, and at the close of the period a continuous decrease. =======+=========================== | Numbers of Delinquents Years. | to the 10,000 Inhabitants. -------+--------------------------- 1845 | 28.8 1846 | 47.9 1847 | 65.3 1848 | 42.4 1849 | 25.- 1850 | 19.8 1851 | 19.8 1852 | 19.2 1853 | 19.7 =======+===========================