[Footnote 205: _Das Papstthum_ (1892), ch. ii., § 2. See also F. Roquain's _La Papauté au moyen âge_. Roquain observes, leniently, that Gregory was "not entirely exempt from reproach in the use of means to attain his ends" (p. 127) and fell into "excesses unworthy of his great soul" (p. 131). In his famous letter to the Bishop of Metz (viii., 21) Gregory omits an essential part of a passage which he quotes from Gelasius and materially alters its meaning. When we further find him writing (ix., 2) that "even a lie that is told for a good purpose in the cause of peace is not _wholly_ free from blame," we fear that he was not far from the maxim that the end justifies the means.] [Footnote 206: The secular ruler had long been accustomed to bestow the crozier and ring on his nominee for a bishopric, and this was known as "investiture." The practice undoubtedly led to much simony and to the appointment of unworthy men, but, as the event proved, a compromise was possible.] [Footnote 207: Speech to the Roman synod of the year 1080 (Migne, vol. cxlviii., col. 816). Compare _Ep._, viii., 21.] [Footnote 208: _Ep._, i., 7.] [Footnote 209: _Ep._, i., 9.] [Footnote 210: I., 11.] [Footnote 211: I., 31.] [Footnote 212: I., 35.] [Footnote 213: I., 46.] [Footnote 214: II., 51.] [Footnote 215: VI., 30.] [Footnote 216: VII., 1.] [Footnote 217: II., 5 and 32.] [Footnote 218: VIII., 2.] [Footnote 219: In both statements of fact Gregory was wrong. Stephen had merely accepted a consecrated banner from the Anti-Pope Silvester II.; and Solomon had voluntarily chosen Henry as his suzerain.] [Footnote 220: VIII., 4.] [Footnote 221: There was a Gregorian archbishop in exile. The actual prelate may not have been zealous enough for Henry.] [Footnote 222: Iii., 10.] [Footnote 223: A good deal of controversy has been expended on the question whether Gregory did or did not threaten at this stage to depose Henry. Gregory's letter xxvi. (not in his Register, but of undoubted authenticity) to "the German People" expressly admits, or boasts, that he did. For further evidence see Dr. Martens, _Gregor VII._, i., 86-91.] [Footnote 224: iii., 6.] [Footnote 225: Viii., 21.] [Footnote 226: See C. Mirbt's special study of the conflict, _Die Absetzung Heinrichs IV._ (1888), p. 103.] [Footnote 227: _Liber ad Amicum_, 1. viii.] [Footnote 228: A translation may be read in Delarc, iii., 252.] [Footnote 229: One recent student, Dr. Albert Dammann (_Der Sieg Heinrichs IV. in Kanossa_, 1907 and 1909), goes to the other extreme, and concludes that Henry blockaded Canossa with a large army and compelled the Pope to withdraw his censure, without a single act of penance.] [Footnote 230: _Ep._, iv., 12.] [Footnote 231: For instance he describes a dramatic scene in which Henry shrinks from receiving the sacred host, whereas Gregory says (_Ep._, iv., 12) that he admitted Henry to communion. His story is full of contradictions.] [Footnote 232: Iv., 12.]