Thus the emotional and declamatory elements heighten the powers of expression by the greater range given to the voice, and add the poignancy and rhythm of speech to song. On the other hand, the dance gives regularity to the rhythmic and emotional sequences. In the following examples we can see more clearly the elements of folk song as they exist in savage music: Three or four note (simple) South America [Figure 18] Nubia [Figure 19] Emotional (simple) Samoa [Figure 20] Emotional and Composite Hudson's Bay [Figure 21] Soudan [Figure 22] Howl and Emotion [Figure 23] Dance. Brazil [Figure 24] Simple [Figure 25] or Dance [Figure 26] The fact that so many nations have the pentatonic or five-note scale (the Chinese, Basque, Scotch, Hindu, etc.), would seem to point to a necessary similarity of their music. This, however, is not the case. In tracing the differences we shall find that true folk song has but few marked national traits, it is something which comes from the heart; whereas nationalism in music is an outward garment which is a result of certain habits of thought, a _mannerism_ of language so to speak. If we look at the music of different nations we find certain characteristics; divest the music of these same characteristics and we find that the figure upon which this garment of nationalism has been placed is much the same the world over, and that its relationship to the universal language of savage music is very marked. Carmen's song, divested of the mixture of triplets and dual rhythms (Spanish or Moorish) is akin to the "howl." Nationalism may be divided into six different classes: First we have what may be broadly termed "orientalism," which includes the Hindu, Moorish, Siamese, and Gypsy, the latter embracing most of southeastern European (Roumania, etc.) types. Liszt's "Second Rhapsody," opening section, divested of orientalism or gypsy characteristics, is merely of the savage three-note type. Our second division may be termed the style of reiteration, and is to be found in Russia and northern Europe. The third consists of the mannerism known as the "Scotch snap," and is a rhythmic device which probably originated in that trick of jumping from one register of the voice to another, which has always had a fascination for people of simple natures. The Swiss _jodel_ is the best illustration of this in a very exaggerated form.