This discovery, one of the first fruits of the invention of the telescope, and of Galileo’s early and happy idea of directing its newly-found powers to the examination of the heavens, forms one of the most memorable epochs in the history of astronomy. The first astronomical solution of the great problem of _the longitude_, practically the most important for the interests of mankind which has ever been brought under the dominion of strict scientific principles, dates immediately from this discovery. The final and conclusive establishment of the Copernican system of astronomy may also be considered as referable to the discovery and study of this exquisite miniature system, in which the laws of the planetary motions, as ascertained by Kepler, and specially that which connects their periods and distances, were specially traced, and found to be satisfactorily maintained. And (as if to accumulate historical interest on this point) it is to the observation of the eclipses of Jupiter’s satellites that we owe the grand discovery of the aberration of light, and the consequent determination of the enormous velocity of that wonderful element--192,000 miles per second. Mr. Dawes, in 1849, first noticed the existence of round, well-defined, bright spots on the belts of Jupiter. They vary in situation and number, as many as ten having been seen on one occasion. As the belts of Jupiter have been ascribed to the existence of currents analogous to our trade-winds, causing the body of Jupiter to be visible through his cloudy atmosphere, Sir John Herschel conjectures that those bright spots may possibly be insulated masses of clouds of local origin, similar to the cumuli which sometimes cap ascending columns of vapour in our atmosphere. It would require nearly 1300 globes of the size of our earth to make one of the bulk of Jupiter. A railway-engine travelling at the rate of thirty-three miles an hour would travel round the earth in a month, but would require more than eleven months to perform a journey round Jupiter. WAS SATURN’S RING KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS? In Maurice’s _Indian Antiquities_ is an engraving of Sani, the Saturn of the Hindoos, taken from an image in a very ancient pagoda, which represents the deity encompassed by a _ring_ formed of two serpents. Hence it is inferred that the ancients were acquainted with the existence of the ring of Saturn. Arago mentions the remarkable fact of the ring and fourth satellite of Saturn having been seen by Sir W. Herschel with his smaller telescope by the naked eye, without any eye-piece.