[29] The Ordinance of July 13, 1787, was an act of the Congress of the Confederation,--prior to the beginning of the constitutional government of the United States in 1789,--which, in its sixth article, said of the "Northwest Territory," organized by this Ordinance: "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Under the provisions of this Ordinance Ohio became a State in 1802. Says Johnston in his "History of American Politics ": "The Ordinance of 1787 is noteworthy as an exercise by the Congress of the Confederacy of the right to exclude slavery from the territories. It will be found that the language of this Ordinance was copied in the efforts made in 1819 (Missouri), 1846 (Wilmot Proviso), and 1865 (XIIIth Amendment), to assert and maintain for the Federal Congress under the Constitution this power of regulating and abolishing slavery in the territories of the United States, and finally in the States as the result of civil war." [30] The line between Pennsylvania, a free State, and Maryland, a slave State; originally run by two surveyors bearing these names. [31] The "Virginia Resolutions of 1798," of which the most important is here quoted, and the similar Kentucky Resolutions of the same year, were protests of the Republican, or Anti-Federalist, legislatures of the two States, against the "Alien and Sedition Laws" passed by the Federalist majority in Congress. These laws were the outgrowth of an almost warlike feeling between the United States and France, due to a variety of causes, for the most part discreditable to France. They authorized the President to order out of the country any foreigner he deemed dangerous; and imposed fines and imprisonment upon alleged conspirators against Government measures, or libellers of Congress or the President. The laws were deemed by the Anti-Federalists to be autocratic and semi-monarchical. The Virginia protesting resolutions were put into form by James Madison, afterwards President. [32] James Hillhouse (1754-1832), of Connecticut. [33] The District of Columbia is governed directly by Congress, but sends no representative thereto. [34] The Embargo Bill of 1807 prohibited American vessels from foreign trade, and foreign vessels from American, only coasting trade being permitted. It was directed against England, and was supported by the Anti-Federalists and bitterly opposed by the Federalists. For the time it almost destroyed American commerce, and bore especially heavily on New England. [35] Sir William Blackstone (1723-1780), author of the famous "Commentaries on the Laws of England" (1765-1769). [36] Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (1611-1675) an eminent French general, who left memoirs of his campaigns from 1643 to 1658. [37] See note on page xciv.