Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 of 3: Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and UtilityRomanes, George John
Science
Darwin, and After Darwin, Volume 2 of 3: Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility
Romanes, George John
Evolution (Biology); Heredity
Mr. Wallace goes on to quote further instances, such as that of Draba
verna, which Jordan has found to present, in the south of France alone,
no less than fifty-two permanent varieties, which all "come true from
seed, and thus present all the characteristics of a true species"; so
that, "as the plant is very common almost all over Europe, and ranges
from North America to the Himalayas, the number of similar forms over
this wide area would probably have to be reckoned by hundreds, if not by
thousands[126]."
[126] _Darwinism_, p. 77.
One or two further quotations may be given to the same general effect,
selected from the writings of specialists in their several departments.
"There is nothing that divides systematists more than what
constitutes a genus. Species that resemble each other more than
other species, is perhaps the best definition that can be given.
This is obviously an uncertain test, much depending on individual
judgement and experience; but that, in the evolution of forms, such
difficulties should arise in the limitation of genera and species
was inevitable. What is a generic character in one may be only a
specific character in another. As an illustration of the uncertain
importance of characters, I may mention the weevil genus
_Centrinus_ in which the leading characters in the classification
of the family to which it belongs are so mixed that systematists
have been content to keep the species together in a group that
cannot be defined.... No advantage or disadvantage is attached,
apparently, to any of the characters. There are about 200 species,
all American.
The venation of the wings of insects is another example of
modifications without serving any special purpose. There is no vein
in certain Thripidae, and only a rudiment or a single vein in
Chalcididae. There are thousands of variations more or less marked,
some of the same type with comparatively trivial variation, others
presenting distinct types, even in the same family, such genera,
for example, as _Polyneura_, _Tettigetra_, _Huechys_, &c. in the
Cicadidae.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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