3 17. Cossacks. A people of mixed origin, but of Russian rather than Tartar stock. There are two branches, the Ukraine and the Don Cossacks. This people is first heard of in the tenth century. The title of the leader was _Hetman_; the office was elective and the government was democratic. The Cossacks have been noted always as fierce fighters and are valuable subjects of the czar. The _Bashkirs_ (l. 18) are Mongolians and nomadic in their habits. 3 18. Ouchim was evidently a mountain pass in the Ural range (compare p. 37, l. 18). 3 19. Torgau, spelled also _Torgai_ by De Quincey, though elsewhere _Turgai_, indicates a district east of the Ural mountains; it is also the name of the principal city of that district. 3 20. Khan. A Tartar title meaning chief or governor. 3 22. Lake of Tengis. Lake Balkash is meant. Compare p. 56, l. 18, and note thereon. 3 23. Zebek-Dorchi. One of the principal characters in the following narrative. 3 32. Kalmucks. A branch of the Mongolian family of peoples, divided into four tribes, and dwelling in the Chinese Empire, western Siberia, and southeastern Russia. They were nomads, adherents of a form of Buddhism, and number over 200,000.--_Century Cyclopedia of Names._ 4 12. exasperated. As an illustration of the discriminating use of words, explain the difference in meaning of _exasperated_ and _irritated_ (l. 19); also point out the fitness of the word _inflated_ in the phrase (l. 13). 5 23. rival. Why "_almost_ a competitor"? What is the meaning of each word? 5 32. odius. Is there any gain in force by adding _repulsive_? 6 5. Machiavelian. Destitute of political morality. A term derived from the name of Niccolo Machiavelli, an Italian statesman and writer (1469-1527), who, in a treatise on government entitled "The Prince," advocated, or was interpreted to advocate, the disregard of moral principle in the maintenance of authority. In this sentence discriminate between the apparent synonyms _dissimulation_, _hypocrisy_, _perfidy_. 6 15. Elizabeth Petrowna. Daughter of Peter the Great and Catharine I. Empress of Russia 1741-1762. 6 28. Tcherkask. An important city of the Cossacks, near the mouth of the Don.--tents. A common method of counting families among nomads. What figure of speech does this illustrate? 7 25. roubles. A rouble is the Russian unit of value, worth seventy-seven cents. The word is etymologically connected with the Indian _rupee_. 7 28. Thus far, etc. Notice the care with which De Quincey analyzes the situation. 8 19. mercenary. Look up origin of the word. How is it appropriate here? 8 29. romantic. What are the qualities indicated by this adjective? How did the word, derived from _Roman_, get its present significance? 8 34. A triple vengeance. Compare with the similar analysis p. 2, l. 13.