In England, _politics_ seem to have given occasion to very many affairs of this nature--the duels of the Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun, in 1712, fatal to both--Mr. Martin and Mr. Wilkes, in 1763--the Lords Townshend and Bellamont, in 1773--C. J. Fox and Mr. Adam, in 1779--Capt. Fullerton and Lord Shelburne, in 1780--Lord Macartney and Major General Stuart, in 1786--the Duke of York and Colonel Lenox, in 1789--Mr. Curran and Major Hobart, in 1790--Earl of Lonsdale and Capt. Cuthbert, in 1792--Lord Valentia and Mr. Gawler, in 1796--William Pitt and George Tierney, in 1798--Sir Francis Burdett and Mr. Paull, in 1807--Lord Castlereagh and Mr. Canning, in 1809--Mr. O'Connell and Mr. D'Esterre, in 1815--Mr. Grattan and the Earl of Clare, in 1820--Sir A. Boswell and James Stuart, in 1822--Mr. Long Wellesly and Mr. Crespigny, in 1828--the Duke of Wellington and the Earl of Winchelsea, in 1829--Lord Alvanley and Morgan O'Connell, in 1835--Sir Colquhon Grant and Lord Seymour, in 1835--Mr. Roebuck and Mr. Black, in 1835--Mr. Ruthven and Mr. Scott, in 1836--the Earl of Cardigan and Mr. Tuckett, in 1840. Sir J. Barrington says, that, during his grand climacteric, two hundred and twenty-seven duels were fought. In different ages and nations, various preventives have been employed. Killing in a duel, here and in England, is murder, in the surviving principal, and seconds. To add effect to the law, it was proclaimed, by 30, Charles II., 1679, to be _an unpardonable offence_. Disqualification from holding office, and dismissal from the army and navy have, at different times, been held up, in terrorem. In England, eighteen survivors have suffered the penalty, provided against duelling. Major Campbell was hung, in 1808, for having killed Capt. Boyd, in a duel. In 1813, Lieutenant Blundell was killed in a duel at Carisbroke Castle: the survivor and both seconds were tried, and convicted of murder; and, though subsequently pardoned, dismissed the service. "Duels," says Sir George Mackenzie, "are but illustrious murders." Mr. Addison recommends the pillory. The councils of Valentia and Trent excommunicated such combatants; but a man, who has made up his mind to fight a duel, cares little for the church. During the first eighteen years of the reign of Henry IV., four thousand persons were slain, in duels, in France. He published his famous edict of Blois, against duels, in 1602: and, in 1609, added, to the existing penalties, punishment by death, confiscations, fines, and imprisonment, respectively, for all, concerned in fighting or abetting, even as spectators, or as casual passers, who did not interpose. All this, however, was the work of Sully: for this consistent king, at this very time, gave Crequi leave to fight the Duke of Savoy, and even told him, that he would be his second, were he not a king.