1827. Parry’s expedition to the Arctic circle, latitude 82° 45´. 1828. Andrew Jackson elected President. 1829. First locomotive tried in the United States, at Honesdale, Pa. 1830. The Webster-Hayne debate in Congress. Establishment of the Mormon Church. 1831. William Lloyd Garrison begins the publication of the _Liberator_ in Boston. 1832. Black Hawk War. Defeat of the Sacs and the Foxes. Nullification movement in South Carolina. Andrew Jackson re-elected President. 1833. Henry Clay’s tariff compromise. President Jackson removes the public funds from the Bank of the United States. Formation of the American Anti-Slavery Society. 1834. Act of Congress for the formation of Indian Territory. 1835. Outbreak of the Second Seminole War. Revolution in Texas against Mexican authority. Great fire in New York. 1836. Admission of Arkansas into the Union. Martin Van Buren elected President. Storming of the Alamo by Santa Anna. Houston defeats the Mexicans on the San Jacinto. The republic of Texas proclaimed. 1837. Admission of Michigan into the Union. Financial panic throughout the United States. 1838. Inauguration of transatlantic steam navigation. 1839. Dissolution of the Confederacy of Central America. 1840. William Henry Harrison elected President. 1841. John Tyler succeeds to the Presidency after the death of President Harrison. 1842. Final termination of the Seminole War. The Ashburton Treaty between Great Britain and the United States for the settlement of the Northeastern boundary line concluded. Dorr’s Rebellion in Rhode Island. 1844. James K. Polk elected President. Invention of the electric telegraph. 1845. Admission of Florida and Texas into the Union. 1846. Admission of Iowa into the Union. War begins between the United States and Mexico. The Mexicans defeated at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. Surrender of Monterey. Occupation of California and New Mexico by the American forces. Treaty between Great Britain and the United States for the settlement of the Northwestern boundary-line dispute. Discovery of anæsthetics by Doctor Norton. 1847. General Taylor defeats Santa Anna at Buena Vista. Occupation of Vera Cruz. American victories at Pueblo, Contreras, and Churubusco. Storming of Molino del Rey. Storming of Chapultepec and occupation of the City of Mexico. XII THE RUPTURE WITH MEXICO, 1843–1846 I THE APPROACH OF WAR