[21] “The shot from Champlain’s arquebus had determined the part that was to be played in the approaching conflict by the most powerful military force among the Indians of North America. It had made the confederacy of the Iroquois and all its nations and dependencies the implacable enemies of the French and the fast friends of the English for all the long struggle that was to come.” [This quotation is from Senator Elihu Root’s eloquent address at the Champlain tercentenary celebration in 1909. Influential as Champlain’s act proved to be, it is well to remember that it was the Dutch treatment of the Iroquois that gained the latter’s friendship for the English, the successors of the Dutch, and also that the Iroquois, as Doctor Thwaites points out in his _France in America_, did in subsequent years negotiate with the French. But the historic consequence of Champlain’s act is of course obvious, although it is not necessary to accept unreservedly one tercentenary dictum to the effect that “Few decisive battles from Marathon to Waterloo had larger consequences.” Cartier’s first voyage to the St. Lawrence decided the immediate association of the French with their Algonquian neighbors. It would have been impossible for them to be friends of both Algonquians and Iroquois. The consequences of immediate and prolonged hostility on the part of the Algonquians invite curious speculation.--EDITOR.] [22] Clowes, _Royal Navy_, III, 186–189. [23] _Ibid_., 210–214, on Boscawen’s victory; 216–222, on Hawke’s. [24] Clowes, _Royal Navy_, III, 196–201. [25] _Ibid._, 201–203. [26] Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_, II, 80. [27] For biographical details of Wolfe’s early career, see Wright, _Life_, and Doughty and Parmelee, _Siege of Quebec_, I, 1–128; in _ibid._, II, 16, is a portrait of Wolfe’s fiancée. [28] Text in Doughty and Parmelee, _Siege of Quebec_, VI, 87–90. [29] Lists in Doughty and Parmelee, _Siege of Quebec_, II, 22, 23. [30] Wood, _Fight for Canada_, 166, 167, 173. [31] “Journal of the Expedition up the River St. Lawrence,” by a sergeant-major of grenadiers, in Doughty and Parmelee, _Siege of Quebec_, V, 1–11. [32] Doughty and Parmelee, _Siege of Quebec_, II, 51–53. [33] Wood, _Fight for Canada_, 152. [34] Authorities cited in Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_, II, 233, 234. For details, consult Doughty and Parmelee, _Siege of Quebec_, II, chap. vi. [35] See Bougainville’s correspondence, in Doughty and Parmelee _Siege of Quebec_, IV, 1–141. [36] September 22, 1759, quoted in Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_, II, 249. [37] Official journal of Amherst, in London _Magazine_, XXVII, 379–383. [38] Stanwix to Pitt, November 20, 1759, MS. in Public Record Office.