49. The sacrifice which the demanders are able and willing to make in order to satisfy their wants. It is this species of demand alone which, compared with the supply, determines prices and values. EFFECTUAL DEMAND, IN REGARD TO ITS EXTENT. 50. The quantity of a commodity wanted by those who are able and willing to pay the costs of its production. EFFECTUAL DEMAND, IN REGARD TO ITS INTENSITY. 51. The sacrifice which the demanders must make, in order to effectuate the continued supply of a commodity. MEASURE OF THE INTENSITY OF THE EFFECTUAL DEMAND. 52. The quantity of labour for which the commodity will exchange, when in its natural and ordinary state. EXCESS OF THE DEMAND ABOVE THE SUPPLY. 53. The demand for a commodity is said to be in excess above the supply, when, either from the diminution of the supply, or the increase of the effectual demand, the quantity in the market is not sufficient to supply all the effectual demanders. In this case the intensity of the demand increases, and the commodity rises, in proportion to the competition of the demanders, and the sacrifice they are able and willing to make in order to satisfy their wants. EXCESS OF THE SUPPLY ABOVE THE DEMAND, OR PARTIAL GLUT. 54. The supply of a commodity is said to be in excess above the demand, or there is a partial glut, when, either from the superabundance of supply, or the diminution of demand, the quantity in the market exceeds the quantity wanted by those who are able and willing to pay the elementary costs of production. It then falls below these costs in proportion to the eagerness of the sellers to sell; and the glut is trifling, or great, accordingly. GENERAL GLUT. 55. A glut is said to be general, when, either from superabundance of supply or diminution of demand, a considerable mass of commodities falls below the elementary costs of production. A GIVEN DEMAND. 56. A given demand, in regard to price, is a given quantity of money intended to be laid out in the purchase of certain commodities in a market; and a given demand, in regard to value, is the command of a given quantity of labour intended to be employed in the same way. VARIATIONS OF PRICES AND VALUES. 57. Prices and values vary as the demand directly and the supply inversely. When the demand is given, prices and values vary inversely as the supply; when the supply is given, directly as the demand. CONSUMPTION. 58. The destruction wholly or in part of any portions of wealth. PRODUCTIVE CONSUMPTION. 59. The consumption or employment of wealth by the capitalist, with a view to future production. UNPRODUCTIVE CONSUMPTION, OR SPENDING.