[Footnote 33: The sheet is passed round a smooth thick thwart and one or two of the crew take up the slack as the rest haul in. This _to some extent_ takes the place of tackle.] [Footnote 34: They do not _bale_ water out of a canoe, but throw it with a paddle, shell or broken wooden bowl! The method is very effective.] [Footnote 35: Merely to see the bottom, without distinguishing small objects, is often possible at greater depths still.] [Footnote 36: The flesh of the pearl oysters and clams are only eaten when all else fails and as fish is obtainable in times of scarcity it is not much appreciated when anything else is to be had.] [Footnote 37: Unlike the Ballistes, some species at least are able to swallow the flesh of shellfish without the shells, so that the only indications of the origin of their diet is by finding opercula and radulae among the half-digested mass. They also break up pearl oysters, leaving the ground strewn with the broken shells.] [Footnote 38: The rather majestic term “Shêkh” often means nothing more than this, though it also includes persons of real importance and power in the country, and saints devoutly venerated.] [Footnote 39: Donkeys’ dung provides a cheap substitute for soap. The clothes are buried in the sand of the sea-shore with dung, left overnight and washed out in the sea next day.] [Footnote 40: Except certain rare forms obtainable only from very deep water in the Atlantic.] [Footnote 41: More correctly by decomposition of calcium sulphate, thus, CaSO₄ + H₂CO₃ = CaCO₃ + H₂SO₄, since the sulphate forms 3·6% while the carbonate only forms 0·2% of the salts dissolved in sea-water.] [Footnote 42: Similar masses are common in the Red Sea, but I do not know of a case quite so striking as this.] [Footnote 43: The apes include a wide variety of type, e.g. the baboon is on the whole lower than the ordinary monkey, which is lower than the big man-like apes, chimpanzee, orang-outang and gorilla. The lemurs link lower monkeys and ordinary quadrupeds. See Huxley’s essay “On the relations of man to the lower animals,” 1863.] [Footnote 44: Avoid the conception of descent as the highest fish giving rise to the lowest amphibian, the highest amphibian giving birth to the lowest reptile, and so on. The fishes did not cease their evolution when the amphibia appeared, and ancestral types must have been generalised, and so, in one sense, lowly forms.] [Footnote 45: More accurately gypsum, CaSO₄, which is decomposed to form limestone CaCO₃ as noted bottom of page 89 above.]