The _Thousand and One Nights_ should be read in its entirety in Arabic or in a translation by every student of Islam. English translation by Lane (incomplete but accurate and with very valuable commentary); Burton (last edition almost complete; 12 vols., London: 1894). Payne’s translation is complete, as is also Burton’s privately printed edition; but, while exceedingly readable, Payne hardly represents the tone of the original. There is an almost complete and very cheap German version by Henning (published by Reclam, Leipzig); Mardrus’ French version is inaccurate and free to such an extent as to make it useless. Galland’s version is a work of genius; but it belongs to French and not to Arabic literature. R. P. A. DOZY: _Essai sur l’histoire de l’islamisme._ Leyden, 1879. A readable introduction. A. MÜLLER: _Der Islam im Morgen-und-Abendland._ 2 vols. Berlin, 1885, 1887. The best general history of Islam. STANLEY LANE-POOLE: _The Mohammedan Dynasties; chronological and genealogical tables with historical introductions._ Westminster, 1894. An indispensable book for any student of Muslim history. C. BROCKELMANN: _Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur._ 2 vols. Weimar, 1898, 1899. Indispensable for names, dates, and books, but not a history in any true sense. T. B. HUGHES: _A Dictionary of Islam._ London, 1896. Very full of information, but to be used with caution. Based on Persian sources largely. E. W. LANE: _An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians._ First edition, London, 1836; third, 1842. Many others. Indispensable. C. M. DOUGHTY: _Travels in Arabia Deserta._ 2 vols. Cambridge, 1888. By far the best book on nomad life in Arabia. Gives the fullest and clearest idea of the nature and workings of the Arab mind. J. L. BURCKHARDT: _Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys._ 2 vols. London, 1831. J. L. BURCKHARDT: _Travels in Arabia._ 2 vols. London, 1829. R. F. BURTON: _Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Madinah and Meccah._ 2 vols. Last edition, London, 1898. On the Hajj and Muslim life, thought and studies generally in the middle of the nineteenth century. Readable and accurate to a degree. C. SNOUCK HURGRONJE: _Mekka._ 2 vols. and portfolio of plates. Haag, 1888, 1889. Is somewhat dull beside Burton, but very full and accurate. W. ROBERTSON SMITH: _Lectures on the Religion of the Semites._ First Series. New edition, London, 1894. _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia._ Cambridge, 1885. IGNAZ GOLDZIHER: _Muhammedanische Studien._ I, Halle a. S., 1889. II, 1890. Epoch-marking books; as are all Goldziher’s contributions to the history of Muslim civilization. ALFRED VON KREMER: _Geschichte der herrschenden Ideen des Islams._ Leipzig, 1868.