This place was besieged, July 5, 1601, by the Spaniards, under the Archduke Albert. The town made a most remarkable defence, holding out for more than three years, but Spinola having taken command of the besiegers, it was finally captured, September 14, 1604, by which time scarcely a house in the town was left standing. The Spaniards lost 70,000 men in the course of the siege. Ostia (Italian Wars). This place, held by a French garrison, under Menaldo Guerri, was besieged in 1500 by the Spaniards, under Gonsalvo de Cordova. After five days’ bombardment, an attack was made upon the town on the opposite side by a small party of Spaniards resident in Rome, under Garcilasso de la Vega. Thus between two fires, Guerri surrendered. Ostrolenka (Crimean War). Fought 1853, between the Turks, under Omar Pasha, and the Russian army which had invaded the Danubian Principalities. The Turks, who were considerably superior in numbers, gained a complete victory. Ostrowno (Campaign of Moscow). Fought July 25 and 26, 1812, between the French corps of Ney and Prince Eugène, with Murat’s cavalry, and the Russian corps of Count Osterman and General Konownitzyn. The Russians were defeated and driven back on both days, with a loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, 800 prisoners and 8 guns. The French loss was about the same. Oswego (Seven Years’ War). This place, held by a garrison of 1,400 Provincial troops, under Colonel Mercer, was besieged by the French, under Montcalm, August 11, 1756. After a bombardment of 3 days, in the course of which Mercer was killed, the place surrendered. The losses on both sides were very small. Otrar (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). This city was besieged, 1219, by 200,000 Mongols, under Oktai and Zagatai, sons of Genghiz Khan, and defended by a garrison of 60,000, under Gazer Khan. The place was entered after a four months’ siege, by which time the garrison was reduced to 20,000 men, but with this remnant Gazer Khan held out in the citadel for another month. Otterburn (Scottish Wars). Fought August 19, 1388, between 9,000 English, under Henry Percy (Hotspur) and a greatly inferior force of Scots, under Earls Douglas and Murray. Hotspur attacked the Scottish entrenchments, and was totally defeated, with a loss of about 2,000. The battle is celebrated in the old ballad of “Chevy Chace.” Otumba (Conquest of Mexico).