A series of actions fought by General Lee, with 100,000 Confederates, against General M’Clellan, with 95,000 Federals, Lee’s object being to relieve Richmond. On June 26, 1862, General Hill, with 1,400 Confederates, attacked M’Call’s division, in a strong position at =Beaver’s Dam Creek=, which attack M’Call repulsed, at small cost to his force. On the 27th, General Porter, 35,000 strong, posted on the Chickahominy at =Gaines’ Mill=, was attacked by 54,000 Confederates, under Lee in person. The Southerners advanced under a heavy artillery fire, and after severe fighting, drove the Federals across the river, and captured 20 guns. On the 28th, M’Clellan prepared to withdraw to the James River, his centre having been pierced, and commenced his retreat. On the 29th, 4 Confederate divisions, under Longstreet, aided by an armoured train, came up with Sumner’s corps at =Savage’s Station=, but was repulsed, Sumner thus inflicting a serious check upon the pursuing columns. On the 30th, 3 divisions, under General Jackson, overtook the Federal rearguard, under General French, near the =White Oak Swamp=, and an artillery duel followed, which cost the Federals some guns. Two divisions, under Longstreet, also attacked M’Call’s division, and routed it, M’Call being captured. By the evening of the 30th, M’Clellan reached =Malvern Hill=, overlooking the James River, and determined to oppose here the further advance of the Confederates. On July 1st, the Confederates attacked, but the Federals held their ground throughout the day, and on the 2nd retired in good order and practically unmolested. The Federals admit a loss of 15,249 men and 25 guns during the operations, but Confederate accounts put the figures much higher, and claim 51 guns. The losses of the Southerners were also very heavy, especially at Malvern Hill, but Lee’s object was accomplished, and Richmond was relieved. Sevenoaks (Cade’s Rebellion). Fought June 18, 1450, between the rebels, under Cade, and the royal troops, under Sir Humphrey Stafford. The force under Stafford was quite inadequate for the work in hand, and was routed, Stafford being killed. Seven Pines. _See_ Fair Oaks. Shahjehan (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia.) This city was besieged 1221, by the Tartars, under Tuli Khan, and was obstinately defended by the garrison under a Turkish general named Bugha. For twenty-one successive days the besiegers delivered assaults, which were repulsed, but finally the inhabitants made terms with Tuli Khan, and opened the gates. Shaldiran (Ottoman Wars). Fought August 24, 1514, between 120,000 Turks, under Selim I, and about 80,000 Persians, under the Shah Ismael. The wing led by the Shah in person was victorious, but the Persian left was totally routed, and in endeavouring to restore the battle on that side Ismael was wounded, whereupon the army was seized with panic, and took to flight.