Junta Apostolica. A Junta formed in Spain in 1824, under Saez, to carry out to the full the principles of absolutism and ecclesiastical domination. For some time the Junta practically ruled Spain. Junto. The chiefs of the Whig party, and leaders of the Ministry formed in 1696. They were Somers, Russell, Halifax and Wharton. Junto, Presbyterian. The name given to the Sons of Liberty by the Royalist party in America in 1765. Jurandes. Committees of the trade guilds in France, appointed to supervise the operations of the members of the guild, with special reference to the granting of apprenticeships and the payment of the necessary fees thereupon. The regulations of these guilds were often exceedingly oppressive. Jury, Trial by. The origin of the system is probably to be found in the Assize of Clarendon in 1166, by which it was enacted that twelve men should be appointed from each hundred to present criminals for trial by ordeal. They were sworn to determine the value of the charge, and could commit or release the accused. By Magna Charta, the right of every Englishman to be tried by his peers is expressly stipulated. Jus Magdeburgicum. The local law of Magdeburg, a free city of Germany. It was composed partly of Saxon custom and partly of ancient local usages, and was adopted in many of the Slav countries. Justice, Charter of. A charter issued by Canning’s Government in 1828 providing for the reorganization of the judicial system in Cape Colony, and regulating other matters connected with the Government. It abolished the Heemraden, and instituted courts in which all the pleadings were to be in English. It was superseded in 1834 by an amended charter, whereby, among other changes, ignorance of English was no longer to be held a bar to jury service. Justiciary. Under the Norman kings this functionary was the President of the Curia Regis and the king’s representative and regent during his absence from the realm. Justinian, Code of. A codification of the Roman law, carried out by Tribonianus by order of Justinian in 529. Justiza. The supreme judge in the kingdom of Aragon. He was appointed by the Cortes, and was the final interpreter of the laws, even the king being obliged to consult him in doubtful cases. He was the ultimate court of appeal in all cases, and had himself the right to initiate prosecutions. Jutland, Law of. The code of law presented to a Danish National Assembly by Waldemar II (Seir) of Denmark, and confirmed in 1241. This remained the law of the whole of Denmark till the reign of Christian V (1670-1699). K Kabbeljaws. The party of the towns, in the Netherlands, in the fourteenth century. The word signifies “Codfish-jaws,” and the opposing party, that of the nobles, was known as the “Hooks.” Kaiser Kläs. The German nickname for Napoleon. Kalf-vel. A document issued by Charles V curtailing the privileges of the city of Ghent. Kanaka Labour Traffic.