A treaty signed in 1860 by France and Sardinia, providing for the cession to France of Savoy and Nice, in return for Lombardy, in accordance with the secret agreement of Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel. Turkey Company. A trading company incorporated in 1581, for the consolidation of the various interests trading in the Levant. Turnip-Hoer. A nickname of George I, who is said to have suggested planting St. James’s Park with turnips. Turpentine State. A popular name for the State of North Carolina, referring to its large production of turpentine. Tuscany, League of. A league of the Tuscan cities, formed under the auspices of Innocent III, “for the honour and aggrandizement of the Apostolic See.” Pisa alone refused to join the league. Tweed Ring. A ring headed by W. M. Tweed, the Tammany Boss, which robbed the city of New York of large sums. Tweed was convicted of fraud in 1873. See Tammany. Twelve Peers of France. A body of peers, holding direct from the Crown, who were limited to twelve during the reign of Philip Augustus (1180-1223). They were six lay peers, namely, the Dukes of Normandy, Aquitaine and Burgundy, and the Counts of Toulouse, Flanders and Champagne; and six spiritual, the Archbishop of Rheims, and the Bishops of Beauvais, Châlons, Langres, Laon, and Noyon. Twenge’s Riots. In 1230 a secret society formed, under the leadership of Sir Robert Twenge, to oppose the granting of benefices to foreign priests, had recourse to violent measures to advance their cause. Many foreigners were robbed and outraged, and Twenge had the audacity to justify himself before Henry III, and was allowed to go unpunished. Two Nations, Committee of the. A joint committee appointed by the English and Scots Parliaments in 1643, after the acceptance of the Solemn League and Covenant, to carry on the war against the King. Tycoon. _See_ Shôgun. Tynwald, Court of. The legislature of the Isle of Man. It is composed of two houses, the Council and the House of Keys. Tything. The ten persons united under the system of Frankpledge were called a tything. U Udallers. The name given to the proprietors of allodial lands in the Orkneys. Ukase. A decree of the Czar of Russia is so called. The Czar being an absolute monarch, it has all the force of a legal enactment. Ulema. The body of professional theologians and lawyers in Turkey. They are the interpreters of the law of the Koran, and from their body are selected the pleaders and magistrates as well as the priests. The head of the Ulema is the Sheyk-ul-Islam. Ulm, Capitulation of. The surrender of the Austrian General Mack, with 30,000 men, to Napoleon in October 1805. Ulster Custom. A system of land tenure prevailing in the greater part of Ulster, by which the tenant’s property in all improvements affected by him is recognised by the landlord. This custom had practically the force of law, and was made a part of the Irish Land Laws by Mr. Gladstone’s Act of 1870.