This name was given by the French during the Thirty Years’ War to the year 1636, when the Imperial troops penetrated into France to Corbie, within fifty miles of Paris, and apparently had the capital at their mercy. They preferred, however, to retire, loaded with booty, but the imminent danger was long an unpleasant memory to the Parisians. Young Cub. Charles James Fox (1749-1806) was so called. Young Czechs. The Radical section of the Czech or National Party in Bohemia. Young England. The party of young Tories who strongly opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws from 1839 to 1846, and favoured a return to the manners and customs of an earlier day. Among its leaders was Lord John Manners. Young Ireland Party. A party formed in Ireland in 1847, as a rival association to the Repealers who followed O’Connell. Their leaders were Smith O’Brien, Meagher and Mitchel, and they were in favour of physical force rather than of constitutional agitation. An abortive attempt at a rising under their auspices in 1848 was easily suppressed, and the society came to an end immediately afterwards. Young Italy. A secret society founded by Mazzini about 1830, to work for the emancipation of Italy. Young Pretender. Charles Edward Stuart, son of James Edward, and grandson of James II, was so called by the supporters of the Hanoverian succession. Young Turks. The Turkish reform party. For obvious reasons they are for the most part resident beyond the limits of the Turkish Empire. Z Zanzibar, Treaty of. A treaty between Germany and Zanzibar, signed in 1885. The Sultan of Zanzibar thereby recognized Germany’s rights over Chagga and Kilimanjaro, and accorded certain trade facilities to the German East Africa Company. Zaporovian Commonwealth. A community of Free Cossacks on the Dnieper. They were not finally deprived of their independence till the reign of Catherine II, circ. 1780. Zehngerichtenbund. _See_ Ten Jurisdictions. Zelanti. A body of Cardinals, headed by Cardinal Orsini, who had great influence in Rome circ. 1700, and whose efforts were directed towards stricter discipline in the Church. Zemindars. Under the Mohammedan rulers of India, the Zemindars were officers who were charged with the collection of taxes over a certain district. In 1793 these officers were, in Bengal, converted by Lord Cornwallis into landowners, each in his own district, who alone paid land-tax to the Government, and recouped themselves by rents received from the peasants or ryots. This system is known as the Zemindari System. Zemstvo.