[Footnote 158: De Maistre says that the reputation of Bacon does not really go farther back than the Encyclopaedia, and that no true discoverer either knew him or leaned on him for support. (_Examen de la Phil. de Bacon_, ii. 110.) Diderot says: "I think I have taught my fellow-citizens to esteem and read Bacon; people have turned over the pages of this profound author more since the last five or six years than has ever been the case before" (xiv. 494). In Professor Fowler's careful and elaborate edition of the Novum Organum (_Introduct._, p. 104), he disputes the statement of Montuola and others, that the celebrity of Bacon dates from the Encyclopaedia. All turns upon what we mean by celebrity. What the Encyclopaedists certainly did was to raise Bacon, for a time, to the popular throne from which Voltaire's Newtonianism had pushed Descartes. Mr. Fowler traces a chain of Baconian tradition, no doubt, but he perhaps surrenders nearly as much as is claimed when he admits that "the patronage of Voltaire and the Encyclopaedists did much to extend the study of Bacon's writings, besides producing a considerable controversy as to his true meaning on many questions of philosophy and theology."] [Footnote 159: See above, p. 62, _note_.] [Footnote 160: D'Alembert was not afraid to contend against the great captain of the age, that the military spirit of Lewis XIV. had been a great curse to Europe. He showed a true appreciation of Frederick's character and conception of his duties as a ruler, in believing that the King of Prussia would rather have had a hundred thousand labourers more, and as many soldiers fewer, if his situation had allowed it. _Corresp. avec le roi de Prusse_, _Oeuv._, v. 305.] [Footnote 161: See Essay on Turgot in my _Critical Miscellanies_, _Second Series_.] [Footnote 162: Such, as that their feudal rights should be confirmed; that none but nobles should carry arms, or be eligible for the army; that _lettres-de-cachet_ should continue; that the press should not be free; that the wine trade should not be free internally or for export; that breaking up wastes and enclosing commons should be prohibited; that the old arrangement of the militia should remain.--Arthur Young's _France_, ch. xxi. p. 607.] [Footnote 163: _Ib._ ch. xxi.] [Footnote 164: _Critical Miscellanies_, _Second Series_, p. 202.] [Footnote 165: _Travels in France_, p. 600.] [Footnote 166: _Travels in France_, i. 63.] [Footnote 167: Rosenkranz, i. 219.] [Footnote 168: _Avert_. to vol. iii] [Footnote 169: Diderot, _Oeuv._, iv. 24.] [Footnote 170: Diderot's _Leben_, i. 157.] [Footnote 171: _Oeuv._, xx. 132.] [Footnote 172: The writer was one Romilly, who had been elected a minister of one of the French Protestant churches in London. See _Memoirs of Sir Samuel Romilly_, vol. i.]