The optative, both present and future, is the present tense of the imperative with the particles _negavacu va_ or _avare_ placed before it and the particles _gana_ or _caxi_ placed after it. Sometimes it is formed by adding the particle _gana_ without any prefix; e.g., _negavacu va ague io caxi?_ or _avare aguei gana_[80] 'would that you were to offer?' _avare icanaru tengu, bangue mono nari tomo vare vo totte, fiie no iama ni noboxe io caxi!_ (15v)[81] 'Oh! if there were some one, either devil or soothsayer, who could make me ascend the mountain called Hie.' The particle _gana_ when it is placed after a noun indicates a wish for the thing specified by the noun; e.g., _saqe gana_ 'oh! sake'; and if (22 one is asked if he would like something to drink, the answer is _nani gana_ 'would that I had some.' The perfect of the optative is the second form of the future followed by the particle _mono vo!_; e.g., _niqueozu mono vo!_ [_nigueôzu_ ...] 'would that I had fled!' The same is achieved by _niguetaraba iocaró mono vo_. Sometimes they say only _niguetaró va_ or _niguete aró ni va iocaró mono vo_. {127} _The Subjunctive of the First Affirmative Conjugation_ The present tense of the subjunctive is formed by changing the _u_ in which the present indicative ends to _eba_; e.g., _aguru_ becomes _agureba_ 'since I offer.' It is also formed from the present by adding _ni_, _de_, _vo_, or _va_ to the particle _tocoro_ according to the case requirements of the verb that follows, with the first verb being controlled by the noun; e.g., _aru toqi Pedro chinsui xite iraruru tocoro ie fito ga qite_ (16v)[82] 'since a certain man came to the place where Peter was when he was drunk,' _nhóbó ni tachi vacarete iru tocoro ni_ (16v)[83] 'since they were separated and divorced,' _có aru tocoro ni_ 'since things are this way,' _ioso ie zzuru tocoro va fito ni corosareta_ (16v)[84] 'when he went outside, he was killed by someone,' _go misa vo asobaruru tocoro vo uchi coroita_ (121)[85] 'he killed him while he was celebrating mass.' This is a general rule which applies to all conjugations. The perfect and the pluperfect of the subjunctive are formed from these same tenses in the indicative with the addition of the particle _reba_; e.g., _agueta reba_ 'since he had offered.' It is also formed by taking away _gozaru_ from the preterit pluperfect and putting in its place _atta reba_ or _atta_; but, when _atta_ is used, the particles _ni_, _vo_, _va_, or _ie_ must be added according to the requirements of the following verb, just as with _tocoro_ in the present tenses; e.g., _aguete atta reba_ or _aguete atta ni_, _vo_, _va_, or _ie_ 'since I had already offered it.' The future of the subjunctive is formed by adding the particle _toqi_ to the future indicative; e.g., _agueô toqi_ 'since he would offer it later.'