Inflammations of the buccal, pharyngeal and esophageal walls are relatively common in certain orders especially ground birds and grazing ungulates. This would seem to be explained on the basis of injury to the mucosa by sharp or pointed objects picked up while feeding. The character is usually necrotizing, but need not be, and the bacteriology is not specific. Definite infectious diseases like diphtheria and actinomycosis are not included here, but it might be mentioned that the second disease cited is believed to be started by the penetration of the organisms into wounds made by sharp grasses. Certain orders, notably Ungulata, Passeres, Psittaci and Struthiones, are quite susceptible to mycotic infestation and we have seen an outbreak of thrush in Kites (Accipitres). It is, however, interesting and possibly significant of peculiar protective powers in the upper alimentary tract, that strict carnivores have failed to show ulcerative, purulent or necrotizing inflammations of the mucosa from the mouth to the cardia. There has been no important data upon ingluveal indigestion or esophageal obstruction. Birds especially, and occasionally mammals, gorge themselves or take too large a bolus, but it seems as if this is only fatal where some distinct important pathology is present which has reduced their resistance. In the lower esophagus one has to deal with worms in connection with the proventricle in birds, but no mammals seem to have suffered with temporary or permanent strictures. “Crop-binding” has occurred in the following orders: Psittaci, Galli; and overfilling of the esophageal dilatation was seen in Accipitres and Herodiones; Columbidæ with their double crop were not affected by this abnormal collection of food in the esophagus. DILATATIONS OF ESOPHAGUS. The mammals have shown three dilatations of the esophagus interesting enough to detail briefly: