The minute structure of the organ is governed by the same general rules throughout the two classes under consideration. Birds do not have as many interstitial islands as do mammals, but they are more compact and seem more definitely constructed of coiled tubules. In so far as the internal structure of the organ is concerned there has not developed in our study pathology peculiar to any animal. The importance of the ducts and position of the organ will be discussed later. Recognition of pancreatic disease during life is practically impossible. In human medicine the signs and symptoms are vague and inconstant,[31] diagnosis often being a matter of exclusion. Veterinarians, except under the best hospital conditions make no attempt to diagnose pancreatic lesions but, since the improvement of surgical practice, at times operate upon cases of evident pain and distention which prove to be pancreatitis. These things were evident in a deer that I saw and that died on the following day from acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis; I made no attempt at this diagnosis, believing it to be acute tympanites. The feces were normal, according to the judgment of persons qualified to give an opinion. The condition of the pancreas at autopsy on animals not dying with lesions of this organ deserves some attention since it may confuse the uninitiated. If the organ be seen in its normal resting stage shortly after death, it is not difficult to recognize the condition as normal for the species. Activity is indicated by a darker or redder color and an increase of consistency. In carnivorous or omnivorous animals and birds the pancreas in this state is a body with a distinct bulky character, whereas in strictly herbivorous varieties, especially ungulates, the structure is diffusely pink and doughy. This is important since the early stages of self-digestion and decomposition assume this same character in all varieties, while later stages present a deep red, swollen, wet organ. These appearances must be differentiated from acute hemorrhages or inflammations, a distinction based upon actual local blood collections or extravasations and areas of degeneration in true disease. Oftentimes differentiation must be made under the microscope and in advanced decomposition, determination is impossible. When there is torsion of the stomach, notably in ungulates, the pancreas is often found decidedly congested. This, it seems, is due to a twist of the duodenum and passive congestion of it and the pancreas—the only simple explanation despite the apparent provision for a high degree of mobility, as already explained. The organ is nearly always mildly congested in severe grades of acute duodenitis, although it need not be pathologically involved. It is, however, noteworthy that the pancreas is an organ with a low morbidity index, especially when one considers its proximity to a structure showing the highest disease index in the body, the intestine.