════════════════╤══════════╤═══════╤═════════╤══════════ │Valvulitis│ Renal │ Chronic │ Chronic │ │disease│pulmonary│infectious │ │ │ disease │ disease ────────────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼────────── Primates[15] │ │ │ │ 1 Carnivora │ │ │ 1│ 5 Ungulata │ 1│ 2│ 3│ 2 Marsupialia │ │ │ │ Total │ 1│ 2│ 4│ 8 │ │ │ │ Passeres │ │ │ │ Picariæ │ │ │ │ Psittaci │ │ 6│ 3│ 2 Striges │ 2│ │ │ Accipitres │ 2│ 5│ 2│ 4 Galli[16] │ │ 2│ 1│ 2 Steganopodes[16]│ 1│ 3│ │ Herodiones │ │ │ │ Palamedes │ │ 1│ │ Anseres │ 1│ 4│ 1│ Struthiones │ │ 1│ 2│ 3 Alectorides │ │ 1│ │ Total │ 4│ 25│ 9│ 11 ────────────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼────────── Grand Total │ 5│ 27│ 13│ 19 ────────────────┴──────────┴───────┴─────────┴────────── For meaning of italics see foot note Table 1. DEGENERATIVE ARTERITIS OR ARTERIOSCLEROSIS. Whether or not it be exact to speak of the more protracted forms of vascular disease usually called arteriosclerosis or atheroma as degenerative, such changes form the most pronounced features of the lesions, and we have made such a separation at this laboratory. Here is not the place to engage in the academic discussion of the nature of the process, but I wish to state that collectively the changes as seen in such lesions in the lower animals are more degenerative than productive, and that we have never seen true ulcerative atheroma as it not uncommonly appears at the autopsy table in any large hospital. This disease of the vascular walls has long been attributed to alcohol, gout, syphilis and other such prolonged intoxications to which we might apply the light term of “toxins of civilizations.” Too little credit, or discredit has been given to chronic intestinal disorders, overeating, and overdrinking of ordinary fluids, to entirely incorrect diets, and to chronic bacterial diseases. Even though the exact counterpart of the disease in man does not occur in lower animals, we shall see the probable association with food and with habits, in a manner discordant with former teaching of the causation of the disease.