Cauliflowers are really cultivated monstrosities. Fasciated Dandelions, _Crepis_, monstrous Chrysanthemums, peloric _Linaria_, five-leaved Clovers, spiral Teazels, etc., may all, if grown with care, be kept more or less constant in the monstrous state. That is to say, the particular kinds of variation here manifested can be maintained in proportion as the external conditions controlling the variation are maintained. Such conditions are chiefly rich supplies of food-stuffs, plenty of water and air, suitable temperature and lighting, etc. Mutilations, favouring the development of abnormal buds may also induce fasciations. _Torsions_ or spiral twistings of stems also frequently arise among plants grown in rich soils, and are often combined with fasciations--_e.g._ Asparagus, _Dipsacus_; and De Vries has shown that the peculiarity is not only transmissible by seed, but may be more or less fixed by appropriate culture. _Contortions_ of stems are often due to the unequal growth on different sides of the stems owing to the presence of fungi--_e.g._ _Caeoma_ on Pines, _Aecidium_ on Nettles, also _Puccinia_ on petioles of Mallow, _Cystopus_ on inflorescences of _Capsella_, etc. _Distortions_ of roots may be brought about in various ways by the hindrances afforded by stones. _Spiral roots_ occur occasionally in pot plants. _Flattened roots_ usually result from compression between rocks, the young root having penetrated into a crevice, and been compelled to adapt itself later. The distortions of stems by constricting climbers, wire, etc., have been described, and fruits--_e.g._ Gourds--are easily distorted by means of string tied round them when young. Distortions of leaves are very common, and are sometimes teratological--_i.e._ due to no known cause--_e.g._ the pitcher-like or hood-like _cucullate_ leaves of the Lime, Cabbage, _Pelargonium_, etc., and of fused pairs in _Crassula_. Also coherent, bifurcate, crested, displaced and twisted leaves occasionally met with, and in some cases fixed by cultivation, may be placed in this category. _Puckers_ must be distinguished from pustules, since they consist in local upraisings of the whole tissue, not swellings--_e.g._ the yellowish green pockets on Walnut leaves, due to _Phyllereum_. Puckered leaves in which the area of mesophyll between the venation is increased by rising up in an arched or dome-like manner are sometimes brought about by excessive moisture in a confined space. _Leaf-curl_ is a similar deformation caused by fungi, such as _Exoascus_ on Peaches. Wrinkling or puckering of leaves is also a common symptom of the work of Aphides--_e.g._ Hops. Characteristic curling and puckering, with yellow and orange tints, of the terminal leaves of Apples, Pears, etc., are due to insects of the genera _Aphis_, _Psylla_, etc. Small red and yellow spots with puckerings and curlings of the young leaves of Pears, the spots turning darker later on, are due to _Phytoptus_.