We may add that in addition to the different modes of treatment, it is not infrequently necessary to hastily perform gastrotomy in order to avoid fatal consequences, which would otherwise follow indulgence in this habit. When an animal has swallowed a considerable quantity of linen, for example (and Moussu has seen cases in which many pounds weight had been devoured), immediate intervention is required to avoid intestinal obstruction. Furthermore, when the history is quite clear gastrotomy allows the entire mass of foreign bodies, ingested at different times, to be removed. DEPRAVED APPETITE IN CALVES AND LAMBS. =Causation.= Depraved appetite is commonest in calves and lambs when the animals are insufficiently nourished, or when the mothers are suffering from chronic debilitating diseases and are therefore yielding milk poor in fat and in mineral constituents. In a few rare cases it is impossible to discover what causes the young animals to devour these foreign materials. Even fully-grown sheep, when shut up together in winter, acquire the habit of chewing each other’s wool, sometimes to the extent of virtually depilating their fellows and accumulating wool balls in their stomachs. =Symptoms.= Calves have a tendency to lick themselves or their neighbours, and thus little by little collect a varying quantity of hair which they swallow. When this habit of licking is little marked the quantity of hair ingested may not be dangerous; but in the contrary case the hair (which cannot be digested) accumulates and is permanently retained in the abomasum. It soon becomes converted into masses, cemented together with mucus, and forms round balls, to which the name of œgagrophiles has been given. If these œgagrophiles, or hair balls, are of small size, they prove of trifling importance; but too frequently they attain considerable dimensions and obstruct the pylorus or the intestine. The young calves then refuse all nourishment, and die in twenty-four to forty-eight hours in a state of complete exhaustion or after a series of epileptiform attacks. In lambs the complications due to depraved appetite develop in a similar way, but the wool swallowed is obtained from the mothers. The lambs first suck the locks of wool, then tear them off and swallow them. So long as these peculiarities of appetite are little marked no bad results follow; but if the shepherd is careless, and fails to note the condition of his young flock sufficiently early, accidents occur.