For proof of what I have advanced respecting the sound of c in Rome, I would observe, that the genitive case of the first declension in Latin anciently ended in _ai_, which was probably copied from the Greeks; for it is very evident the Latin _æ_ in later writers, was the true representative of the Greek _ai_. Thus _Mousai_ in Greek was translated into the Roman tongue, _musæ_. Now _c_ before _ai_ had the sound of _k_; for where the Romans wrote _cæ_ the Greeks wrote _kai_. Thus _musica_, _musicæ_ in the first declension must have been pronounced _musika_, _musikai_, not _musisee_, as we now pronounce the _æ_. As a further proof, we may appeal to the laws of the Roman poetry, by which dipthongs were always long, having the sound of two vowels combined. But a decisive proof that _c_ before the vowels _a_, _o_, _u_ and the dipthongs, had the power of _k_, is that the Greeks always translated the _c_ in _kappa_. They wrote Cæsar, _Kaisaros_, &c. In confirmation of which I may add, that the Germans, among whom the word _Cæsar_ became common to all emperors, and now signifies _emperor_, spell it _Kaisar_; and in the pronunciation they preserve the true Roman sound of _Cæsar_.[179] That the Roman _c_ before _e_ and _i_ had the force of _ch_ or _tsh_, is probable from the present practice of the Italians, who would be the most likely to retain the pure Roman pronunciation. In modern Italian _ce_, _ci_ are pronounced _che_, _chi_; as _dolcemente_, _Cicero_, pronounced _dolchemente_, _Chichero_. In this opinion I am supported by Dr. Middleton, who seems to have been thoroughly versed in Roman literature. It may gratify the learned reader to see his own words. _De Lat. Liter. pron. differ._ "Ante vocales _a_, _o_, _v_[180] eundem olim sonum habuisse ac hodie habet certissimum est: qualem autem ante reliquas _e_ et _i_, diphthongosque _æ_, _oe_, _ev_ habuerit, haud ita convenit. Angli illam Gallique etiam, haud ab _s_ distinguunt, in Coena, Cæsar, Ceres, cinis, &c. at in iisdem Itali, quod Romanos etiam fecisse olim existimo, eum huic literæ sonum tribuunt, quo nos _ch_ efferimus, in vocibus nostris, _cheek_, _cherry_, _cheap_, &c. itaque pronunciant Cicero, uti nos Chichester, chicheley, &c. ita tamen ac si ante _c_, cum in medio vocis sequatur vocalem, litera t leviter admodum et subobscure sonanda interponeretur; ut _Citcero_, Chitchester, quam pronuntiandi rationem expressisse plane sculptor quidam videtur, qui in inscriptione veteri contra orthographiæ regulas, _t_ ante _c_ interposuit in nomine _Vrbitcius_."