Diversions of a NaturalistLankester, E. Ray (Edwin Ray), Sir
History
Diversions of a Naturalist
Lankester, E. Ray (Edwin Ray), Sir
Natural history
Curiously enough, whilst mammals have to depend entirely on pressure
and exercise for anything but the slowest flow of the lymph, the
cold-blooded vertebrates, fish, amphibia and reptiles (and even some
birds), have remarkable, rhythmically contracting, muscular sacs,
which pump the lymph from large lymph-vessels into large veins, and
are called "lymphatic hearts." The eel and other fish have them in the
tail, but they are best seen in the common frog. There is an anterior
pair, one under each shoulder-blade, and another pair, one on each hip.
Each opens at one end into a large "collecting" lymph-vessel, and at
the other end into a large vein. They "beat" like a heart, but do not
keep time with one another. Their muscular walls are formed by what is
called "striated" muscular tissue (as are those of the blood-heart),
and they are under the control of branches of the spinal nerves. The
movement of the hinder pair in a frog can be seen through the skin.
In man and all vertebrate animals the intestines, stomach and liver,
heart and lungs (or swim-bladder) lie loose, except for a fibrous
band of attachment, in a great cavity (often divided into two or more
chambers), which they fit fairly closely. The small space between them
and the walls of the cavity is occupied by a liquid. This is lymph, and
the great cavity is a lymph-space. When this cavity is in its primitive
form it is called the body cavity, or "cœlom." In man and mammals it
is divided into four chief chambers--the peritoneal cavity (in which
the stomach, intestine, and liver are loosely attached and have a
certain mobility), the right pleural and left pleural cavity (one for
each lung), and the pericardial cavity (for the heart). These great
chambers are part of the lymph-system, and so is the lymph-holding
space around and within the brain and spinal cord, and so are the great
spaces beneath the frog's skin.
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