[5] Stuart Mill’s refutation of LePlay’s thesis that the salvation of the working classes can come only through the benevolence of their superiors is worth quoting in this connection: “No times can be pointed out in which the higher classes of this or any other country performed a part even distantly resembling the one assigned to them in this theory. All privileged and powerful classes have used their power in the interest of their own selfishness. I do not affirm that what has always been must always be. This at least seems to be undeniable, that long before superior classes could be sufficiently inspired to govern in the tutelary manner supposed, the inferior classes would be too much improved to be governed.” [6] _Gesammelte Aufsaetze zur Religions-Sociologie._ [7] _Religion and the Rise of Capitalism._ [8] Quoted by Tawney, _op. cit._ [9] The relation of puritanism to modern capitalism has been most exhaustively treated by Max Weber in his essay on “Die Protestantische Ethic und der Geist des Kapitalismus.” [10] Quoted in Southey’s _Life of Wesley_, Chapter xxix. [11] Both Max Weber and E. Troeltsch make much of the relation of Calvinism to medieval asceticism. See Max Weber, _op. cit._, and E. Troeltsch, _Sociallehren der Christlichen Kirche_. [12] Romans vii. 19–25. [13] _Grosser Sermon vom Wucher_ (_Werke_, Vol. IV, page 49). [14] Article 3 in Twelve Articles, quoted by J. S. Shapiro in _Social Reform and the Reformation_. [15] In his _Education of Henry Adams_, Chapter x. [16] Commenting on the first Hague conference Count Holstein of the German foreign office made some realistic observations which may not have justified his obstructive conclusions but which are nevertheless pertinent. He wrote: “Subjects of international law are states and not individuals. It will therefore be formally difficult and practically impossible to isolate the individual judge from the passions and interests of the whole in a way that happens or is supposed to happen in private law. Of all conceivable judges Great Powers are least disinterested, for in every conceivable question of any importance that may come up all Great Powers are interested _à un degre quelconque_. An impartial decision is therefore excluded by the nature of things.... Small disinterested states as subjects, small questions as objects of arbitral decision are conceivable; great states and great questions are not.” (Quoted by Dickinson in _International Anarchy_, p. 351.) [17] _Social Evolution_, page 140. [18] James iv. 2–4. [19] II Corinthians iv. 16. [20] In _Civilization and Ethics_ and _The Decay and Restoration of Civilization_. [21] _Christianity and Other World Religions._ [22] _Religion in the Making_, page 50. [23] George Santayana in _Religion and Reason_, page 176. [24] In _Development and Purpose_, page 360. [25] In _Religion in the Making_.