[170] _Views of Society and Manners in America_, pp. 338-342. [171] _Arrivals of Alien Passengers and Immigrants in the United States from 1820 to 1890_, pp. 16, 23. By the _Census of Massachusetts_ for 1885 it is seen that forty-nine per cent of all women in that state of foreign birth are Irish. I., 574-575. [172] _Ante_, p. 11. [173] Lowell says of the Irish immigration, “It is really we who have been paying the rents over there [in Ireland], for we have to pay higher wages for domestic service to meet the drain.”—_Letters_, II., 336. A racy discussion of the influence of the Irish cook in the American household is given by Mr. E. L. Godkin under the title “The Morals and Manners of the Kitchen,” in _Reflections and Comments_, p. 56. [174] _Arrivals of Alien Passengers and Immigrants in the United States from 1820 to 1890_, pp. 15, 22. [175] Women constituted 41.8 per cent of the total number of German immigrants arriving here during the twenty-two years ending June 30, 1890; the Irish forming 48.5 per cent.—_Ibid_., p. 11. [176] The United States Census for 1890 gives the number of domestic servants born in Ireland as 168,993; the number born in Germany was 95,007. [177] The number of Chinese in domestic service in 1890 was 16,439. [178] Walker, _Wages_, pp. 376-377. [179] An illustration of these various changes is seen in the case of one employee, who was born in Ireland, engaged in service in New York, and afterwards drifted to Minnesota, where the report was made. [180] This is indicated by the various definitions given in early dictionaries. It is a curious fact that _The New World of Words or General English Dictionary_, large quarto, third edition, London, 1671, does not contain the word “servant.” Phillips’ _Universal English Dictionary_, London, 1720, has “_servant_, a man or woman who serves another.” Bailey’s _Dictionary_, London, 1721, 1737, and 1770, defines servant as “one who serves another.” _The Royal Standard English Dictionary_, first American edition, Worcester, Massachusetts, 1788, “being the first work of the kind printed in America,” defines _servant_ as “one who serves.” The second edition, Brookfield, 1804, has “_servant_, one who serves for wages.” Some interesting illustrations of this early use of the word are found in colonial literature. Thus Thomas Morton in his _New English Canaan_, p. 179, says, “In the month of June Anno Salutis, 1622, it was my chance to arrive in the parts of New England with thirty servants and provisions of all sorts fit for a plantation.” Governor Bradford in his _History of Plymouth_, pp. 235-236, speaks of “Captaine Wolastone and with him 3. or 4. more of some eminencie, who brought with them a great many servants, with provisions & other implments fit for to begine a plantation.” A “Narrative concerning the settlement of New England,” 1630, says,