social disadvantages can be removed or modified, 204; removal of social barriers will remove social ban, 211; improvement impossible, till housekeeping as a profession advances, 254; improvement hindered by partial treatment of labor question, 264; by conservatism of many women, 264, 265; by tendency of women toward aristocracy, 265; by tendency to display of wealth, 265, 266; responsibility of introducing improvement rests on all, 266; investigation and discussion will result in removal of social stigma, 266, 267; in removal of work and worker from home of employer, 267; in placing the employment on a business basis, 268; in readjustment of work of both men and women, 270; suggestions as to means of attaining results, 273; a subject of serious study and investigation in America, 302. See also Convicts, transported, Freewillers, Redemptioners, Remedies, Wages. Domestic service in Europe, 275-302; compared with domestic service in America, 275; affected by social and political conditions, 276; affected by domestic architecture, 277; affected by domestic and social customs, 278; presents practically the same problems as in America, 278-280; _advantages_, 280-294, 300; baking and washing done out of the house, 280; requirement of more work in other ways counterbalances this advantage, 281; system of contracts in Germany, 281-283; German service-books, 284-286; large number of men employees, 286-288; comparative freedom from foreign competition, 286-287; the result a greater respect among employees for the occupation, 287-288; apparent cheapness to the employer is deceiving, 288; low wages supplemented by gifts, fees, “beer-money,” special privileges, compulsory insurance, 289, 292; _disadvantages_, 295-302; long hours of service, 295, n.; hardness of work, 295, n.; hardness of life, 295, n.; social disadvantages, 296-299; inherits stigma of slavery and serfdom, 296, n.; tax on men servants in England, 297; requirement of servility, 297; rigid class distinctions of employees observed by themselves, 298; condition in France, 299; condition in Italy, 299; disadvantages partly mitigated in Germany by various benefactions, 300; branded by ridicule in literature and the press, 301; the subject given no earnest study, 302. Domestic system, see Home manufactures. Dresden, home for aged servants in, 300, n. Dudley, Mrs. Mary Winthrop, description of a refractory servant by, 35. Earnings of domestic employees, 98. See also Wages. Economic discussion of domestic service neglected, 2, 199. Economic gains from specialization of household employments, 229. Economic laws, disregard of, by employers of domestic service, 117-122. Economic phases of domestic service, 74-106.