[Footnote 181: Tac., 'Agricola,' c. 12.] [Footnote 182: That the well-known coins commemorating these victories and bearing the legend IVDAEA CAPTA are not infrequently found in Britain, indicates the special connection between Vespasian and our island. The great argument used by Titus and Agrippa to convince the Jews that even the walls of Jerusalem would fail to resist the onset of Romans was that no earthly rampart could compare with the ocean wall of Britain (Josephus, D.B.J., II. 16, vi, 6).] [Footnote 183: The spread of Latin oratory and literature in Britain is spoken of at this date by Juvenal (Sat. xv. 112), and Martial (Epig. xi. 3), who mentions that his own works were current here: "Dicitur et nostros cantare Britannia versus."] [Footnote 184: Mr. Haverfield suggests that Silchester may also be an Agricolan city (see p. 184).] [Footnote 185: Juvenal mentions these designs (II. 159): "--Arma quidem ultra Litora Juvernae promovimus, et modo captas Orcadas, et minima contentos nocte Britannos" (i.e. those furthest north).] [Footnote 186: According to Dio Cassius this voyage of discovery was first made by some deserters ('Hist. Rom.' lxix. 20).] [Footnote 187: The little that is known of this rampart will be found in the next chapter (see p. 198).] [Footnote 188: Sallustius Lucullus, who succeeded Agricola as Pro-praetor, was slain by Domitian only for the invention of an improved lance, known by his name (as rifles now are called Mausers, etc.).] [Footnote 189: See p. 117.] [Footnote 190: All highways were made Royal Roads before the end of the 12th century, so that the course of the original four became matter of purely antiquarian interest.] [Footnote 191: Where it struck that sea is disputed, but Henry of Huntingdon's assertion that it ran straight from London to Chester seems the most probable.] [Footnote 192: The lines of these roads, if produced, strike the Thames not at London Bridge, but at the old "Horse Ferry" to Lambeth. This _may_ point to an alternative (perhaps the very earliest) route.] [Footnote 193: Guest ('Origines Celticae') derives "Ermine" from A.S. _eorm_=fen, and "Watling" from the Welsh Gwyddel=Goidhel=Irish. The Ermine Street, however, nowhere touches the fenland; nor did any Gaelic population, so far as is known, abut upon the Watling Street, at any rate after the English Conquest. Verulam was sometimes called Watling-chester, probably as the first town on the road.] [Footnote 194: The distinction between "Street" and "Way" must not, however, be pressed, as is done by some writers. The Fosse Way is never called a Street, though its name [_fossa_] shows it to have been constructed as such; and the Icknield Way is frequently so called, though it was certainly a mere track--often a series of parallel tracks (_e.g._ at Kemble-in-the-Street in Oxfordshire)--as it mostly remains to this day.]