17. Name some of the great scientists of the Alexandrian age. 18. What were their contributions to knowledge? 19. Using the maps on pages 76 and 132, trace the growth of geographical knowledge from Homer's time to that of Ptolemy. 20. What parts of the world are most correctly outlined on Ptolemy's map? 21. "The seed-ground of European civilization is neither Greece nor the Orient, but a world joined of the two." Comment on this statement. FOOTNOTES [1] Webster, _Readings in Ancient History_, chapter xii, "Demosthenes and the Struggle against Philip"; chapter xiii, "Exploits of Alexander the Great." [2] Philippi became noted afterwards as the first city in Europe where Christianity was preached. See _Acts_, xvi, 9. [3] See the map between pages 68-69. [4] See page 275. [5] See page 39. [6] See page 272. [7] See page 90. [8] See page 36. [9] See John Dryden's splendid ode, _Alexander's Feast_. [10] See pages 20 and 39. [11] See pages 39-40. [12] Arrian, _Anabasis of Alexander_, vii, 26. [13] See the map facing page 128. [14] The term "Hellenic" refers to purely Greek culture; the term "Hellenistic," to Greek culture as modified by contact with Oriental life and customs. [15] See page 81. [16] The lighthouse on the island of Pharos was considered one of the "seven wonders" of the ancient world. The others were the hanging gardens and walls of Babylon, the pyramids, the Colossus of Rhodes, the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the mausoleum at Halicarnassus, and the statue of Zeus at Olympia. [17] See page 120. [18] See page 89. [19] See page 74. [20] Not to be confused with King Ptolemy (page 127). [21] See page 125. [22] See page 48. CHAPTER VII THE RISE OF ROME TO 264 B.C. [1] 47. ITALY AND SICILY THE APENNINES The shape of Italy is determined by the course of the Apennines. Branching off from the Alps at the gulf of Genoa, these mountains cross the peninsula in an easterly direction, almost to the Adriatic. Here they turn sharply to the southeast and follow the coast for a considerable distance. The plains of central Italy, in consequence, are all on the western slope of the Apennines. In the lower part of the peninsula the range swerves suddenly to the southwest, so that the level land is there on the eastern side of the mountains. Near the southern extremity of Italy the Apennines separate into two branches, which penetrate the "heel and toe" of the peninsula. DIVISIONS OF ITALY