7. Why is modern civilization, unlike that of antiquity, in little danger from barbarians? 8. Why has the battle of Adrianople been called "the Cannae of the fourth century"? 9. Why has Alaric been styled "the Moses of the Visigoths"? 10. What is the origin of the geographical names Andalusia, Burgundy, England, and France? 11. Why was Attila called the "scourge of God"? 12. Can you suggest a reason why some historians do not regard Châlons as one of the world's decisive battles? 13. In what sense does the date, 476 A.D., mark the "fall" of the Roman Empire? FOOTNOTES [1] Webster, _Readings in Ancient History_, chapter xxiii, "The Germans as Described by Tacitus." [2] Tacitus, _Germania_, 19. [3] See pages 224-226. [4] See page 219. [5] See page 223. [6] See page 98. [7] See page 178. [8] See page 153. [9] See page 303. [10] See page 378. [11] See page 303. [12] See page 330. [13] The invasion of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons was followed by the migration across the Channel of large numbers of the defeated islanders. The district in France where they settled is called after them, Brittany. [14] See page 241. [15] Jordanes, _De rebus Geticis_, 35. [16] See page 225. [17] See page 224. CHAPTER XII CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION [1] 88. THE CLASSICAL CITY THE CENTER OF CLASSICAL LIFE The history of the Greeks and Romans ought not to be studied only in their political development and the biographies of their great statesmen and warriors. We must also know something of ancient literature, philosophy, and art. Especially do we need to learn about the private life of the classical peoples--their manners, customs, occupations, and amusements. This life centered in the city. ORIGIN OF THE CITY A Greek or a Roman city usually grew up about a hill of refuge (_acropolis, capitolium_), to which the people of the surrounding district could flee in time of danger. The hill would be crowned with a fortress and the temples of the gods. Not far away was the market place (_agora, forum_), where the people gathered to conduct their business and to enjoy social intercourse. About the citadel and market place were grouped the narrow streets and low houses of the town. GENERAL APPEARANCE OF AN ANCIENT CITY The largest and most beautiful buildings in an ancient city were always the temples, colonnades, and other public structures. The houses of private individuals, for the most part, had few pretensions to beauty. They were insignificant in appearance and were often built with only one story. From a distance, however, their whitewashed walls and red-tiled roofs, shining brightly under the warm sun, must have made an attractive picture. LIFE IN THE CITY