[7] See page 5. [8] "Tyrian purple" was a dye secured from a species of shellfish found along the Phoenician coast and in Greek waters. [9] See I _Kings_, ix, 26-28. The site of Ophir is not known, though probably it was in southern Arabia. [10] See _Ezekiel_, xxvii, 12, 25. [11] A monument containing the code of Hammurabi was found on the site of Susa in 1901-1902 A.D. See the illustration, page 25. [12] Chaldea was another name for Babylonia. [13] See page 148. [14] The names of four other week days come from the names of old Teutonic deities. Tuesday is the day of Tyr, Wednesday of Woden (Odin), Thursday of Thunor (Thor), and Friday of the goddess Frigga. See page 304. [15] Zoroastrians are still to be found in the East In Persia, now a Mohammedan country, there is a little band of devoted followers of Zoroaster, who keep up to this day the tenets of their ancient faith. In India the Parsees of Bombay are the descendants of those Persians who fled from Persia at the time of the Mohammedan conquest (page 376), rather than surrender their cherished beliefs and embrace a new religion. [16] _Job_, X, 21. [17] See page 28. [18] See the illustrations, pages 27, 54, 58, 63. [19] See page 13. [20] See page 186, note 2. [21] See page 48. [22] See the illustration, page 46. CHAPTER IV THE LANDS OF THE WEST AND THE RISE OF GREECE TO ABOUT 500 B.C. [1] 20. PHYSICAL EUROPE EUROPE A PENINSULA OF ASIA The continent of Asia, projecting its huge bulk southwestward between the seas, gradually narrows into the smaller continent of Europe. The boundary between the two regions is not well defined. Ancient geographers found a convenient dividing line north of the Black Sea in the course of the river Don. Modern map makers usually place the division at the Ural Mountains, the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus. Each of these boundaries is more or less arbitrary. In a geographical sense Europe is only the largest of the great Asiatic peninsulas. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF EUROPE But in physical features the two continents disclose the most striking contrasts. The sea, which washes only the remote edges of Asia, penetrates deeply into Europe and forms an extremely irregular coast line with numerous bays and harbors. The mountains of Europe, seldom very high and provided with easy passes, present no such barriers to intercourse as the mightier ranges of Asia. We miss in Europe the extensive deserts and barren table-lands which form such a feature of Asiatic geography. With the exception of Russia the surface, generally, is distributed into plains, hills, and valleys of moderate size. Instead of a few large rivers, such as are found in Asia, Europe is well supplied with numerous streams that make it possible to travel readily from one district to another. CENTRAL AND NORTHERN EUROPE